GH-25025: [C++] Move non core compute kernels into separate shared library

[raulcd]

This is just a draft investigating some possible approaches.

Rationale for this change

TBD

What changes are included in this PR?

TBD

Are these changes tested?

Yes on CI.

Are there any user-facing changes?

TODO: Expand once the approach is clearer
Yes.

This PR includes breaking changes to public APIs.

• GitHub Issue: [C++] Split non-cast compute kernels into a separate shared library #25025

[raulcd]

@github-actions crossbow submit -g cpp

[github-actions]

Revision: 7240ca2

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-906afe6414

Task	Status
example-cpp-minimal-build-static
example-cpp-minimal-build-static-system-dependency
example-cpp-tutorial
test-alpine-linux-cpp
test-build-cpp-fuzz
test-conda-cpp
test-conda-cpp-meson
test-conda-cpp-valgrind
test-cuda-cpp-ubuntu-22.04-cuda-11.7.1
test-debian-12-cpp-amd64
test-debian-12-cpp-i386
test-fedora-39-cpp
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-20
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-bundled
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-emscripten
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-no-threading
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-bundled-offline
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-13-bundled
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-14
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-minimal-with-formats
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-thread-sanitizer

[raulcd]

@github-actions crossbow submit test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-emscripten

[github-actions]

Revision: 98b4608

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-bb75d4faa6

Task	Status
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-emscripten