mem_categorization.rs

// Copyright 2012-2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
// except according to those terms.

//! # Categorization
//!
//! The job of the categorization module is to analyze an expression to
//! determine what kind of memory is used in evaluating it (for example,
//! where dereferences occur and what kind of pointer is dereferenced;
//! whether the memory is mutable; etc)
//!
//! Categorization effectively transforms all of our expressions into
//! expressions of the following forms (the actual enum has many more
//! possibilities, naturally, but they are all variants of these base
//! forms):
//!
//!     E = rvalue    // some computed rvalue
//!       | x         // address of a local variable or argument
//!       | *E        // deref of a ptr
//!       | E.comp    // access to an interior component
//!
//! Imagine a routine ToAddr(Expr) that evaluates an expression and returns an
//! address where the result is to be found.  If Expr is an lvalue, then this
//! is the address of the lvalue.  If Expr is an rvalue, this is the address of
//! some temporary spot in memory where the result is stored.
//!
//! Now, cat_expr() classifies the expression Expr and the address A=ToAddr(Expr)
//! as follows:
//!
//! - cat: what kind of expression was this?  This is a subset of the
//!   full expression forms which only includes those that we care about
//!   for the purpose of the analysis.
//! - mutbl: mutability of the address A
//! - ty: the type of data found at the address A
//!
//! The resulting categorization tree differs somewhat from the expressions
//! themselves.  For example, auto-derefs are explicit.  Also, an index a[b] is
//! decomposed into two operations: a dereference to reach the array data and
//! then an index to jump forward to the relevant item.
//!
//! ## By-reference upvars
//!
//! One part of the translation which may be non-obvious is that we translate
//! closure upvars into the dereference of a borrowed pointer; this more closely
//! resembles the runtime translation. So, for example, if we had:
//!
//!     let mut x = 3;
//!     let y = 5;
//!     let inc = || x += y;
//!
//! Then when we categorize `x` (*within* the closure) we would yield a
//! result of `*x'`, effectively, where `x'` is a `Categorization::Upvar` reference
//! tied to `x`. The type of `x'` will be a borrowed pointer.

#![allow(non_camel_case_types)]

pub use self::PointerKind::*;
pub use self::InteriorKind::*;
pub use self::FieldName::*;
pub use self::ElementKind::*;
pub use self::MutabilityCategory::*;
pub use self::AliasableReason::*;
pub use self::Note::*;

use self::Aliasability::*;

use hir::def_id::DefId;
use hir::map as ast_map;
use infer::InferCtxt;
use hir::def::{Def, CtorKind};
use ty::adjustment;
use ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt};

use hir::{MutImmutable, MutMutable, PatKind};
use hir::pat_util::EnumerateAndAdjustIterator;
use hir;
use syntax::ast;
use syntax_pos::Span;

use std::fmt;
use std::rc::Rc;

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
pub enum Categorization<'tcx> {
    Rvalue(&'tcx ty::Region),                    // temporary val, argument is its scope
    StaticItem,
    Upvar(Upvar),                          // upvar referenced by closure env
    Local(ast::NodeId),                    // local variable
    Deref(cmt<'tcx>, usize, PointerKind<'tcx>),  // deref of a ptr
    Interior(cmt<'tcx>, InteriorKind),     // something interior: field, tuple, etc
    Downcast(cmt<'tcx>, DefId),            // selects a particular enum variant (*1)

    // (*1) downcast is only required if the enum has more than one variant
}

// Represents any kind of upvar
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub struct Upvar {
    pub id: ty::UpvarId,
    pub kind: ty::ClosureKind
}

// different kinds of pointers:
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub enum PointerKind<'tcx> {
    /// `Box<T>`
    Unique,

    /// `&T`
    BorrowedPtr(ty::BorrowKind, &'tcx ty::Region),

    /// `*T`
    UnsafePtr(hir::Mutability),

    /// Implicit deref of the `&T` that results from an overloaded index `[]`.
    Implicit(ty::BorrowKind, &'tcx ty::Region),
}

// We use the term "interior" to mean "something reachable from the
// base without a pointer dereference", e.g. a field
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub enum InteriorKind {
    InteriorField(FieldName),
    InteriorElement(InteriorOffsetKind, ElementKind),
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum FieldName {
    NamedField(ast::Name),
    PositionalField(usize)
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum InteriorOffsetKind {
    Index,            // e.g. `array_expr[index_expr]`
    Pattern,          // e.g. `fn foo([_, a, _, _]: [A; 4]) { ... }`
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum ElementKind {
    VecElement,
    OtherElement,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum MutabilityCategory {
    McImmutable, // Immutable.
    McDeclared,  // Directly declared as mutable.
    McInherited, // Inherited from the fact that owner is mutable.
}

// A note about the provenance of a `cmt`.  This is used for
// special-case handling of upvars such as mutability inference.
// Upvar categorization can generate a variable number of nested
// derefs.  The note allows detecting them without deep pattern
// matching on the categorization.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
pub enum Note {
    NoteClosureEnv(ty::UpvarId), // Deref through closure env
    NoteUpvarRef(ty::UpvarId),   // Deref through by-ref upvar
    NoteNone                     // Nothing special
}

// `cmt`: "Category, Mutability, and Type".
//
// a complete categorization of a value indicating where it originated
// and how it is located, as well as the mutability of the memory in
// which the value is stored.
//
// *WARNING* The field `cmt.type` is NOT necessarily the same as the
// result of `node_id_to_type(cmt.id)`. This is because the `id` is
// always the `id` of the node producing the type; in an expression
// like `*x`, the type of this deref node is the deref'd type (`T`),
// but in a pattern like `@x`, the `@x` pattern is again a
// dereference, but its type is the type *before* the dereference
// (`@T`). So use `cmt.ty` to find the type of the value in a consistent
// fashion. For more details, see the method `cat_pattern`
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
pub struct cmt_<'tcx> {
    pub id: ast::NodeId,           // id of expr/pat producing this value
    pub span: Span,                // span of same expr/pat
    pub cat: Categorization<'tcx>, // categorization of expr
    pub mutbl: MutabilityCategory, // mutability of expr as lvalue
    pub ty: Ty<'tcx>,              // type of the expr (*see WARNING above*)
    pub note: Note,                // Note about the provenance of this cmt
}

pub type cmt<'tcx> = Rc<cmt_<'tcx>>;

pub trait ast_node {
    fn id(&self) -> ast::NodeId;
    fn span(&self) -> Span;
}

impl ast_node for hir::Expr {
    fn id(&self) -> ast::NodeId { self.id }
    fn span(&self) -> Span { self.span }
}

impl ast_node for hir::Pat {
    fn id(&self) -> ast::NodeId { self.id }
    fn span(&self) -> Span { self.span }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct MemCategorizationContext<'a, 'gcx: 'a+'tcx, 'tcx: 'a> {
    pub infcx: &'a InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
    options: MemCategorizationOptions,
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Default)]
pub struct MemCategorizationOptions {
    // If true, then when analyzing a closure upvar, if the closure
    // has a missing kind, we treat it like a Fn closure. When false,
    // we ICE if the closure has a missing kind. Should be false
    // except during closure kind inference. It is used by the
    // mem-categorization code to be able to have stricter assertions
    // (which are always true except during upvar inference).
    pub during_closure_kind_inference: bool,
}

pub type McResult<T> = Result<T, ()>;

impl MutabilityCategory {
    pub fn from_mutbl(m: hir::Mutability) -> MutabilityCategory {
        let ret = match m {
            MutImmutable => McImmutable,
            MutMutable => McDeclared
        };
        debug!("MutabilityCategory::{}({:?}) => {:?}",
               "from_mutbl", m, ret);
        ret
    }

    pub fn from_borrow_kind(borrow_kind: ty::BorrowKind) -> MutabilityCategory {
        let ret = match borrow_kind {
            ty::ImmBorrow => McImmutable,
            ty::UniqueImmBorrow => McImmutable,
            ty::MutBorrow => McDeclared,
        };
        debug!("MutabilityCategory::{}({:?}) => {:?}",
               "from_borrow_kind", borrow_kind, ret);
        ret
    }

    fn from_pointer_kind(base_mutbl: MutabilityCategory,
                         ptr: PointerKind) -> MutabilityCategory {
        let ret = match ptr {
            Unique => {
                base_mutbl.inherit()
            }
            BorrowedPtr(borrow_kind, _) | Implicit(borrow_kind, _) => {
                MutabilityCategory::from_borrow_kind(borrow_kind)
            }
            UnsafePtr(m) => {
                MutabilityCategory::from_mutbl(m)
            }
        };
        debug!("MutabilityCategory::{}({:?}, {:?}) => {:?}",
               "from_pointer_kind", base_mutbl, ptr, ret);
        ret
    }

    fn from_local(tcx: TyCtxt, id: ast::NodeId) -> MutabilityCategory {
        let ret = match tcx.map.get(id) {
            ast_map::NodeLocal(p) => match p.node {
                PatKind::Binding(bind_mode, ..) => {
                    if bind_mode == hir::BindByValue(hir::MutMutable) {
                        McDeclared
                    } else {
                        McImmutable
                    }
                }
                _ => span_bug!(p.span, "expected identifier pattern")
            },
            _ => span_bug!(tcx.map.span(id), "expected identifier pattern")
        };
        debug!("MutabilityCategory::{}(tcx, id={:?}) => {:?}",
               "from_local", id, ret);
        ret
    }

    pub fn inherit(&self) -> MutabilityCategory {
        let ret = match *self {
            McImmutable => McImmutable,
            McDeclared => McInherited,
            McInherited => McInherited,
        };
        debug!("{:?}.inherit() => {:?}", self, ret);
        ret
    }

    pub fn is_mutable(&self) -> bool {
        let ret = match *self {
            McImmutable => false,
            McInherited => true,
            McDeclared => true,
        };
        debug!("{:?}.is_mutable() => {:?}", self, ret);
        ret
    }

    pub fn is_immutable(&self) -> bool {
        let ret = match *self {
            McImmutable => true,
            McDeclared | McInherited => false
        };
        debug!("{:?}.is_immutable() => {:?}", self, ret);
        ret
    }

    pub fn to_user_str(&self) -> &'static str {
        match *self {
            McDeclared | McInherited => "mutable",
            McImmutable => "immutable",
        }
    }
}

impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> MemCategorizationContext<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
    pub fn new(infcx: &'a InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>)
               -> MemCategorizationContext<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
        MemCategorizationContext::with_options(infcx, MemCategorizationOptions::default())
    }

    pub fn with_options(infcx: &'a InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
                        options: MemCategorizationOptions)
                        -> MemCategorizationContext<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
        MemCategorizationContext {
            infcx: infcx,
            options: options,
        }
    }

    fn tcx(&self) -> TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
        self.infcx.tcx
    }

    fn expr_ty(&self, expr: &hir::Expr) -> McResult<Ty<'tcx>> {
        match self.infcx.node_ty(expr.id) {
            Ok(t) => Ok(t),
            Err(()) => {
                debug!("expr_ty({:?}) yielded Err", expr);
                Err(())
            }
        }
    }

    fn expr_ty_adjusted(&self, expr: &hir::Expr) -> McResult<Ty<'tcx>> {
        self.infcx.expr_ty_adjusted(expr)
    }

    fn node_ty(&self, id: ast::NodeId) -> McResult<Ty<'tcx>> {
        self.infcx.node_ty(id)
    }

    fn pat_ty(&self, pat: &hir::Pat) -> McResult<Ty<'tcx>> {
        let base_ty = self.infcx.node_ty(pat.id)?;
        // FIXME (Issue #18207): This code detects whether we are
        // looking at a `ref x`, and if so, figures out what the type
        // *being borrowed* is.  But ideally we would put in a more
        // fundamental fix to this conflated use of the node id.
        let ret_ty = match pat.node {
            PatKind::Binding(hir::BindByRef(_), ..) => {
                // a bind-by-ref means that the base_ty will be the type of the ident itself,
                // but what we want here is the type of the underlying value being borrowed.
                // So peel off one-level, turning the &T into T.
                match base_ty.builtin_deref(false, ty::NoPreference) {
                    Some(t) => t.ty,
                    None => { return Err(()); }
                }
            }
            _ => base_ty,
        };
        debug!("pat_ty(pat={:?}) base_ty={:?} ret_ty={:?}",
               pat, base_ty, ret_ty);
        Ok(ret_ty)
    }

    pub fn cat_expr(&self, expr: &hir::Expr) -> McResult<cmt<'tcx>> {
        match self.infcx.adjustments().get(&expr.id) {
            None => {
                // No adjustments.
                self.cat_expr_unadjusted(expr)
            }

            Some(adjustment) => {
                match adjustment.kind {
                    adjustment::Adjust::DerefRef {
                        autoderefs,
                        autoref: None,
                        unsize: false
                    } => {
                        // Equivalent to *expr or something similar.
                        self.cat_expr_autoderefd(expr, autoderefs)
                    }

                    adjustment::Adjust::NeverToAny |
                    adjustment::Adjust::ReifyFnPointer |
                    adjustment::Adjust::UnsafeFnPointer |
                    adjustment::Adjust::MutToConstPointer |
                    adjustment::Adjust::DerefRef {..} => {
                        debug!("cat_expr({:?}): {:?}",
                               adjustment,
                               expr);
                        // Result is an rvalue.
                        let expr_ty = self.expr_ty_adjusted(expr)?;
                        Ok(self.cat_rvalue_node(expr.id(), expr.span(), expr_ty))
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn cat_expr_autoderefd(&self,
                               expr: &hir::Expr,
                               autoderefs: usize)
                               -> McResult<cmt<'tcx>> {
        let mut cmt = self.cat_expr_unadjusted(expr)?;
        debug!("cat_expr_autoderefd: autoderefs={}, cmt={:?}",
               autoderefs,
               cmt);
        for deref in 1..autoderefs + 1 {
            cmt = self.cat_deref(expr, cmt, deref)?;
        }
        return Ok(cmt);
    }

    pub fn cat_expr_unadjusted(&self, expr: &hir::Expr) -> McResult<cmt<'tcx>> {
        debug!("cat_expr: id={} expr={:?}", expr.id, expr);

        let expr_ty = self.expr_ty(expr)?;
        match expr.node {
          hir::ExprUnary(hir::UnDeref, ref e_base) => {
            let base_cmt = self.cat_expr(&e_base)?;
            self.cat_deref(expr, base_cmt, 0)
          }

          hir::ExprField(ref base, f_name) => {
            let base_cmt = self.cat_expr(&base)?;
            debug!("cat_expr(cat_field): id={} expr={:?} base={:?}",
                   expr.id,
                   expr,
                   base_cmt);
            Ok(self.cat_field(expr, base_cmt, f_name.node, expr_ty))
          }

          hir::ExprTupField(ref base, idx) => {
            let base_cmt = self.cat_expr(&base)?;
            Ok(self.cat_tup_field(expr, base_cmt, idx.node, expr_ty))
          }

          hir::ExprIndex(ref base, _) => {
            let method_call = ty::MethodCall::expr(expr.id());
            match self.infcx.node_method_ty(method_call) {
                Some(method_ty) => {
                    // If this is an index implemented by a method call, then it
                    // will include an implicit deref of the result.
                    let ret_ty = self.overloaded_method_return_ty(method_ty);

                    // The index method always returns an `&T`, so
                    // dereference it to find the result type.
                    let elem_ty = match ret_ty.sty {
                        ty::TyRef(_, mt) => mt.ty,
                        _ => {
                            debug!("cat_expr_unadjusted: return type of overloaded index is {:?}?",
                                   ret_ty);
                            return Err(());
                        }
                    };

                    // The call to index() returns a `&T` value, which
                    // is an rvalue. That is what we will be
                    // dereferencing.
                    let base_cmt = self.cat_rvalue_node(expr.id(), expr.span(), ret_ty);
                    Ok(self.cat_deref_common(expr, base_cmt, 1, elem_ty, true))
                }
                None => {
                    self.cat_index(expr, self.cat_expr(&base)?, InteriorOffsetKind::Index)
                }
            }
          }

          hir::ExprPath(ref qpath) => {
            let def = self.infcx.tables.borrow().qpath_def(qpath, expr.id);
            self.cat_def(expr.id, expr.span, expr_ty, def)
          }

          hir::ExprType(ref e, _) => {
            self.cat_expr(&e)
          }

          hir::ExprAddrOf(..) | hir::ExprCall(..) |
          hir::ExprAssign(..) | hir::ExprAssignOp(..) |
          hir::ExprClosure(..) | hir::ExprRet(..) |
          hir::ExprUnary(..) |
          hir::ExprMethodCall(..) | hir::ExprCast(..) |
          hir::ExprArray(..) | hir::ExprTup(..) | hir::ExprIf(..) |
          hir::ExprBinary(..) | hir::ExprWhile(..) |
          hir::ExprBlock(..) | hir::ExprLoop(..) | hir::ExprMatch(..) |
          hir::ExprLit(..) | hir::ExprBreak(..) |
          hir::ExprAgain(..) | hir::ExprStruct(..) | hir::ExprRepeat(..) |
          hir::ExprInlineAsm(..) | hir::ExprBox(..) => {
            Ok(self.cat_rvalue_node(expr.id(), expr.span(), expr_ty))
          }
        }
    }

    pub fn cat_def(&self,
                   id: ast::NodeId,
                   span: Span,
                   expr_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
                   def: Def)
                   -> McResult<cmt<'tcx>> {
        debug!("cat_def: id={} expr={:?} def={:?}",
               id, expr_ty, def);

        match def {
          Def::StructCtor(..) | Def::VariantCtor(..) | Def::Const(..) |
          Def::AssociatedConst(..) | Def::Fn(..) | Def::Method(..) => {
                Ok(self.cat_rvalue_node(id, span, expr_ty))
          }

          Def::Static(_, mutbl) => {
              Ok(Rc::new(cmt_ {
                  id:id,
                  span:span,
                  cat:Categorization::StaticItem,
                  mutbl: if mutbl { McDeclared } else { McImmutable},
                  ty:expr_ty,
                  note: NoteNone
              }))
          }

          Def::Upvar(def_id, _, fn_node_id) => {
              let var_id = self.tcx().map.as_local_node_id(def_id).unwrap();
              let ty = self.node_ty(fn_node_id)?;
              match ty.sty {
                  ty::TyClosure(closure_id, _) => {
                      match self.infcx.closure_kind(closure_id) {
                          Some(kind) => {
                              self.cat_upvar(id, span, var_id, fn_node_id, kind)
                          }
                          None => {
                              if !self.options.during_closure_kind_inference {
                                  span_bug!(
                                      span,
                                      "No closure kind for {:?}",
                                      closure_id);
                              }

                              // during closure kind inference, we
                              // don't know the closure kind yet, but
                              // it's ok because we detect that we are
                              // accessing an upvar and handle that
                              // case specially anyhow. Use Fn
                              // arbitrarily.
                              self.cat_upvar(id, span, var_id, fn_node_id, ty::ClosureKind::Fn)
                          }
                      }
                  }
                  _ => {
                      span_bug!(
                          span,
                          "Upvar of non-closure {} - {:?}",
                          fn_node_id,
                          ty);
                  }
              }
          }

          Def::Local(def_id) => {
            let vid = self.tcx().map.as_local_node_id(def_id).unwrap();
            Ok(Rc::new(cmt_ {
                id: id,
                span: span,
                cat: Categorization::Local(vid),
                mutbl: MutabilityCategory::from_local(self.tcx(), vid),
                ty: expr_ty,
                note: NoteNone
            }))
          }

          def => span_bug!(span, "unexpected definition in memory categorization: {:?}", def)
        }
    }

    // Categorize an upvar, complete with invisible derefs of closure
    // environment and upvar reference as appropriate.
    fn cat_upvar(&self,
                 id: ast::NodeId,
                 span: Span,
                 var_id: ast::NodeId,
                 fn_node_id: ast::NodeId,
                 kind: ty::ClosureKind)
                 -> McResult<cmt<'tcx>>
    {
        // An upvar can have up to 3 components. We translate first to a
        // `Categorization::Upvar`, which is itself a fiction -- it represents the reference to the
        // field from the environment.
        //
        // `Categorization::Upvar`.  Next, we add a deref through the implicit
        // environment pointer with an anonymous free region 'env and
        // appropriate borrow kind for closure kinds that take self by
        // reference.  Finally, if the upvar was captured
        // by-reference, we add a deref through that reference.  The
        // region of this reference is an inference variable 'up that
        // was previously generated and recorded in the upvar borrow
        // map.  The borrow kind bk is inferred by based on how the
        // upvar is used.
        //
        // This results in the following table for concrete closure
        // types:
        //
        //                | move                 | ref
        // ---------------+----------------------+-------------------------------
        // Fn             | copied -> &'env      | upvar -> &'env -> &'up bk
        // FnMut          | copied -> &'env mut  | upvar -> &'env mut -> &'up bk
        // FnOnce         | copied               | upvar -> &'up bk

        let upvar_id = ty::UpvarId { var_id: var_id,
                                     closure_expr_id: fn_node_id };
        let var_ty = self.node_ty(var_id)?;

        // Mutability of original variable itself
        let var_mutbl = MutabilityCategory::from_local(self.tcx(), var_id);

        // Construct the upvar. This represents access to the field
        // from the environment (perhaps we should eventually desugar
        // this field further, but it will do for now).
        let cmt_result = cmt_ {
            id: id,
            span: span,
            cat: Categorization::Upvar(Upvar {id: upvar_id, kind: kind}),
            mutbl: var_mutbl,
            ty: var_ty,
            note: NoteNone
        };

        // If this is a `FnMut` or `Fn` closure, then the above is
        // conceptually a `&mut` or `&` reference, so we have to add a
        // deref.
        let cmt_result = match kind {
            ty::ClosureKind::FnOnce => {
                cmt_result
            }
            ty::ClosureKind::FnMut => {
                self.env_deref(id, span, upvar_id, var_mutbl, ty::MutBorrow, cmt_result)
            }
            ty::ClosureKind::Fn => {
                self.env_deref(id, span, upvar_id, var_mutbl, ty::ImmBorrow, cmt_result)
            }
        };

        // If this is a by-ref capture, then the upvar we loaded is
        // actually a reference, so we have to add an implicit deref
        // for that.
        let upvar_id = ty::UpvarId { var_id: var_id,
                                     closure_expr_id: fn_node_id };
        let upvar_capture = self.infcx.upvar_capture(upvar_id).unwrap();
        let cmt_result = match upvar_capture {
            ty::UpvarCapture::ByValue => {
                cmt_result
            }
            ty::UpvarCapture::ByRef(upvar_borrow) => {
                let ptr = BorrowedPtr(upvar_borrow.kind, upvar_borrow.region);
                cmt_ {
                    id: id,
                    span: span,
                    cat: Categorization::Deref(Rc::new(cmt_result), 0, ptr),
                    mutbl: MutabilityCategory::from_borrow_kind(upvar_borrow.kind),
                    ty: var_ty,
                    note: NoteUpvarRef(upvar_id)
                }
            }
        };

        let ret = Rc::new(cmt_result);
        debug!("cat_upvar ret={:?}", ret);
        Ok(ret)
    }

    fn env_deref(&self,
                 id: ast::NodeId,
                 span: Span,
                 upvar_id: ty::UpvarId,
                 upvar_mutbl: MutabilityCategory,
                 env_borrow_kind: ty::BorrowKind,
                 cmt_result: cmt_<'tcx>)
                 -> cmt_<'tcx>
    {
        // Look up the node ID of the closure body so we can construct
        // a free region within it
        let fn_body_id = {
            let fn_expr = match self.tcx().map.find(upvar_id.closure_expr_id) {
                Some(ast_map::NodeExpr(e)) => e,
                _ => bug!()
            };

            match fn_expr.node {
                hir::ExprClosure(.., body_id, _) => body_id.node_id,
                _ => bug!()
            }
        };

        // Region of environment pointer
        let env_region = self.tcx().mk_region(ty::ReFree(ty::FreeRegion {
            // The environment of a closure is guaranteed to
            // outlive any bindings introduced in the body of the
            // closure itself.
            scope: self.tcx().region_maps.item_extent(fn_body_id),
            bound_region: ty::BrEnv
        }));

        let env_ptr = BorrowedPtr(env_borrow_kind, env_region);

        let var_ty = cmt_result.ty;

        // We need to add the env deref.  This means
        // that the above is actually immutable and
        // has a ref type.  However, nothing should
        // actually look at the type, so we can get
        // away with stuffing a `TyError` in there
        // instead of bothering to construct a proper
        // one.
        let cmt_result = cmt_ {
            mutbl: McImmutable,
            ty: self.tcx().types.err,
            ..cmt_result
        };

        let mut deref_mutbl = MutabilityCategory::from_borrow_kind(env_borrow_kind);

        // Issue #18335. If variable is declared as immutable, override the
        // mutability from the environment and substitute an `&T` anyway.
        match upvar_mutbl {
            McImmutable => { deref_mutbl = McImmutable; }
            McDeclared | McInherited => { }
        }

        let ret = cmt_ {
            id: id,
            span: span,
            cat: Categorization::Deref(Rc::new(cmt_result), 0, env_ptr),
            mutbl: deref_mutbl,
            ty: var_ty,
            note: NoteClosureEnv(upvar_id)
        };

        debug!("env_deref ret {:?}", ret);

        ret
    }

    /// Returns the lifetime of a temporary created by expr with id `id`.
    /// This could be `'static` if `id` is part of a constant expression.
    pub fn temporary_scope(&self, id: ast::NodeId) -> &'tcx ty::Region {
        self.tcx().mk_region(match self.infcx.temporary_scope(id) {
            Some(scope) => ty::ReScope(scope),
            None => ty::ReStatic
        })
    }

    pub fn cat_rvalue_node(&self,
                           id: ast::NodeId,
                           span: Span,
                           expr_ty: Ty<'tcx>)
                           -> cmt<'tcx> {
        let promotable = self.tcx().rvalue_promotable_to_static.borrow().get(&id).cloned()
                                   .unwrap_or(false);

        // Only promote `[T; 0]` before an RFC for rvalue promotions
        // is accepted.
        let promotable = match expr_ty.sty {
            ty::TyArray(_, 0) => true,
            _ => promotable & false
        };

        // Compute maximum lifetime of this rvalue. This is 'static if
        // we can promote to a constant, otherwise equal to enclosing temp
        // lifetime.
        let re = if promotable {
            self.tcx().mk_region(ty::ReStatic)
        } else {
            self.temporary_scope(id)
        };
        let ret = self.cat_rvalue(id, span, re, expr_ty);
        debug!("cat_rvalue_node ret {:?}", ret);
        ret
    }

    pub fn cat_rvalue(&self,
                      cmt_id: ast::NodeId,
                      span: Span,
                      temp_scope: &'tcx ty::Region,
                      expr_ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> cmt<'tcx> {
        let ret = Rc::new(cmt_ {
            id:cmt_id,
            span:span,
            cat:Categorization::Rvalue(temp_scope),
            mutbl:McDeclared,
            ty:expr_ty,
            note: NoteNone
        });
        debug!("cat_rvalue ret {:?}", ret);
        ret
    }

    pub fn cat_field<N:ast_node>(&self,
                                 node: &N,
                                 base_cmt: cmt<'tcx>,
                                 f_name: ast::Name,
                                 f_ty: Ty<'tcx>)
                                 -> cmt<'tcx> {
        let ret = Rc::new(cmt_ {
            id: node.id(),
            span: node.span(),
            mutbl: base_cmt.mutbl.inherit(),
            cat: Categorization::Interior(base_cmt, InteriorField(NamedField(f_name))),
            ty: f_ty,
            note: NoteNone
        });
        debug!("cat_field ret {:?}", ret);
        ret
    }

    pub fn cat_tup_field<N:ast_node>(&self,
                                     node: &N,
                                     base_cmt: cmt<'tcx>,
                                     f_idx: usize,
                                     f_ty: Ty<'tcx>)
                                     -> cmt<'tcx> {
        let ret = Rc::new(cmt_ {
            id: node.id(),
            span: node.span(),
            mutbl: base_cmt.mutbl.inherit(),
            cat: Categorization::Interior(base_cmt, InteriorField(PositionalField(f_idx))),
            ty: f_ty,
            note: NoteNone
        });
        debug!("cat_tup_field ret {:?}", ret);
        ret
    }

    fn cat_deref<N:ast_node>(&self,
                             node: &N,
                             base_cmt: cmt<'tcx>,
                             deref_cnt: usize)
                             -> McResult<cmt<'tcx>> {
        let method_call = ty::MethodCall {
            expr_id: node.id(),
            autoderef: deref_cnt as u32
        };
        let method_ty = self.infcx.node_method_ty(method_call);

        debug!("cat_deref: method_call={:?} method_ty={:?}",
               method_call, method_ty.map(|ty| ty));

        let base_cmt = match method_ty {
            Some(method_ty) => {
                let ref_ty =
                    self.tcx().no_late_bound_regions(&method_ty.fn_ret()).unwrap();
                self.cat_rvalue_node(node.id(), node.span(), ref_ty)
            }
            None => base_cmt
        };
        let base_cmt_ty = base_cmt.ty;
        match base_cmt_ty.builtin_deref(true, ty::NoPreference) {
            Some(mt) => {
                let ret = self.cat_deref_common(node, base_cmt, deref_cnt, mt.ty, false);
                debug!("cat_deref ret {:?}", ret);
                Ok(ret)
            }
            None => {
                debug!("Explicit deref of non-derefable type: {:?}",
                       base_cmt_ty);
                return Err(());
            }
        }
    }

    fn cat_deref_common<N:ast_node>(&self,
                                    node: &N,
                                    base_cmt: cmt<'tcx>,
                                    deref_cnt: usize,
                                    deref_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
                                    implicit: bool)
                                    -> cmt<'tcx>
    {
        let ptr = match base_cmt.ty.sty {
            ty::TyBox(..) => Unique,
            ty::TyRawPtr(ref mt) => UnsafePtr(mt.mutbl),
            ty::TyRef(r, mt) => {
                let bk = ty::BorrowKind::from_mutbl(mt.mutbl);
                if implicit { Implicit(bk, r) } else { BorrowedPtr(bk, r) }
            }
            ref ty => bug!("unexpected type in cat_deref_common: {:?}", ty)
        };
        let ret = Rc::new(cmt_ {
            id: node.id(),
            span: node.span(),
            // For unique ptrs, we inherit mutability from the owning reference.
            mutbl: MutabilityCategory::from_pointer_kind(base_cmt.mutbl, ptr),
            cat: Categorization::Deref(base_cmt, deref_cnt, ptr),
            ty: deref_ty,
            note: NoteNone
        });
        debug!("cat_deref_common ret {:?}", ret);
        ret
    }

    pub fn cat_index<N:ast_node>(&self,
                                 elt: &N,
                                 mut base_cmt: cmt<'tcx>,
                                 context: InteriorOffsetKind)
                                 -> McResult<cmt<'tcx>> {
        //! Creates a cmt for an indexing operation (`[]`).
        //!
        //! One subtle aspect of indexing that may not be
        //! immediately obvious: for anything other than a fixed-length
        //! vector, an operation like `x[y]` actually consists of two
        //! disjoint (from the point of view of borrowck) operations.
        //! The first is a deref of `x` to create a pointer `p` that points
        //! at the first element in the array. The second operation is
        //! an index which adds `y*sizeof(T)` to `p` to obtain the
        //! pointer to `x[y]`. `cat_index` will produce a resulting
        //! cmt containing both this deref and the indexing,
        //! presuming that `base_cmt` is not of fixed-length type.
        //!
        //! # Parameters
        //! - `elt`: the AST node being indexed
        //! - `base_cmt`: the cmt of `elt`

        let method_call = ty::MethodCall::expr(elt.id());
        let method_ty = self.infcx.node_method_ty(method_call);

        let (element_ty, element_kind) = match method_ty {
            Some(method_ty) => {
                let ref_ty = self.overloaded_method_return_ty(method_ty);
                base_cmt = self.cat_rvalue_node(elt.id(), elt.span(), ref_ty);

                (ref_ty.builtin_deref(false, ty::NoPreference).unwrap().ty,
                 ElementKind::OtherElement)
            }
            None => {
                match base_cmt.ty.builtin_index() {
                    Some(ty) => (ty, ElementKind::VecElement),
                    None => {
                        return Err(());
                    }
                }
            }
        };

        let interior_elem = InteriorElement(context, element_kind);
        let ret =
            self.cat_imm_interior(elt, base_cmt.clone(), element_ty, interior_elem);
        debug!("cat_index ret {:?}", ret);
        return Ok(ret);
    }

    pub fn cat_imm_interior<N:ast_node>(&self,
                                        node: &N,
                                        base_cmt: cmt<'tcx>,
                                        interior_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
                                        interior: InteriorKind)
                                        -> cmt<'tcx> {
        let ret = Rc::new(cmt_ {
            id: node.id(),
            span: node.span(),
            mutbl: base_cmt.mutbl.inherit(),
            cat: Categorization::Interior(base_cmt, interior),
            ty: interior_ty,
            note: NoteNone
        });
        debug!("cat_imm_interior ret={:?}", ret);
        ret
    }

    pub fn cat_downcast<N:ast_node>(&self,
                                    node: &N,
                                    base_cmt: cmt<'tcx>,
                                    downcast_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
                                    variant_did: DefId)
                                    -> cmt<'tcx> {
        let ret = Rc::new(cmt_ {
            id: node.id(),
            span: node.span(),
            mutbl: base_cmt.mutbl.inherit(),
            cat: Categorization::Downcast(base_cmt, variant_did),
            ty: downcast_ty,
            note: NoteNone
        });
        debug!("cat_downcast ret={:?}", ret);
        ret
    }

    pub fn cat_pattern<F>(&self, cmt: cmt<'tcx>, pat: &hir::Pat, mut op: F) -> McResult<()>
        where F: FnMut(&MemCategorizationContext<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>, cmt<'tcx>, &hir::Pat),
    {
        self.cat_pattern_(cmt, pat, &mut op)
    }

    // FIXME(#19596) This is a workaround, but there should be a better way to do this
    fn cat_pattern_<F>(&self, cmt: cmt<'tcx>, pat: &hir::Pat, op: &mut F) -> McResult<()>
        where F : FnMut(&MemCategorizationContext<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>, cmt<'tcx>, &hir::Pat)
    {
        // Here, `cmt` is the categorization for the value being
        // matched and pat is the pattern it is being matched against.
        //
        // In general, the way that this works is that we walk down
        // the pattern, constructing a cmt that represents the path
        // that will be taken to reach the value being matched.
        //
        // When we encounter named bindings, we take the cmt that has
        // been built up and pass it off to guarantee_valid() so that
        // we can be sure that the binding will remain valid for the
        // duration of the arm.
        //
        // (*2) There is subtlety concerning the correspondence between
        // pattern ids and types as compared to *expression* ids and
        // types. This is explained briefly. on the definition of the
        // type `cmt`, so go off and read what it says there, then
        // come back and I'll dive into a bit more detail here. :) OK,
        // back?
        //
        // In general, the id of the cmt should be the node that
        // "produces" the value---patterns aren't executable code
        // exactly, but I consider them to "execute" when they match a
        // value, and I consider them to produce the value that was
        // matched. So if you have something like:
        //
        //     let x = @@3;
        //     match x {
        //       @@y { ... }
        //     }
        //
        // In this case, the cmt and the relevant ids would be:
        //
        //     CMT             Id                  Type of Id Type of cmt
        //
        //     local(x)->@->@
        //     ^~~~~~~^        `x` from discr      @@int      @@int
        //     ^~~~~~~~~~^     `@@y` pattern node  @@int      @int
        //     ^~~~~~~~~~~~~^  `@y` pattern node   @int       int
        //
        // You can see that the types of the id and the cmt are in
        // sync in the first line, because that id is actually the id
        // of an expression. But once we get to pattern ids, the types
        // step out of sync again. So you'll see below that we always
        // get the type of the *subpattern* and use that.

        debug!("cat_pattern: {:?} cmt={:?}", pat, cmt);

        op(self, cmt.clone(), pat);

        // Note: This goes up here (rather than within the PatKind::TupleStruct arm
        // alone) because PatKind::Struct can also refer to variants.
        let cmt = match pat.node {
            PatKind::Path(hir::QPath::Resolved(_, ref path)) |
            PatKind::TupleStruct(hir::QPath::Resolved(_, ref path), ..) |
            PatKind::Struct(hir::QPath::Resolved(_, ref path), ..) => {
                match path.def {
                    Def::Err => return Err(()),
                    Def::Variant(variant_did) |
                    Def::VariantCtor(variant_did, ..) => {
                        // univariant enums do not need downcasts
                        let enum_did = self.tcx().parent_def_id(variant_did).unwrap();
                        if !self.tcx().lookup_adt_def(enum_did).is_univariant() {
                            self.cat_downcast(pat, cmt.clone(), cmt.ty, variant_did)
                        } else {
                            cmt
                        }
                    }
                    _ => cmt
                }
            }
            _ => cmt
        };

        match pat.node {
          PatKind::TupleStruct(ref qpath, ref subpats, ddpos) => {
            let def = self.infcx.tables.borrow().qpath_def(qpath, pat.id);
            let expected_len = match def {
                Def::VariantCtor(def_id, CtorKind::Fn) => {
                    let enum_def = self.tcx().parent_def_id(def_id).unwrap();
                    self.tcx().lookup_adt_def(enum_def).variant_with_id(def_id).fields.len()
                }
                Def::StructCtor(_, CtorKind::Fn) => {
                    match self.pat_ty(&pat)?.sty {
                        ty::TyAdt(adt_def, _) => {
                            adt_def.struct_variant().fields.len()
                        }
                        ref ty => {
                            span_bug!(pat.span, "tuple struct pattern unexpected type {:?}", ty);
                        }
                    }
                }
                def => {
                    span_bug!(pat.span, "tuple struct pattern didn't resolve \
                                         to variant or struct {:?}", def);
                }
            };

            for (i, subpat) in subpats.iter().enumerate_and_adjust(expected_len, ddpos) {
                let subpat_ty = self.pat_ty(&subpat)?; // see (*2)
                let subcmt = self.cat_imm_interior(pat, cmt.clone(), subpat_ty,
                                                   InteriorField(PositionalField(i)));
                self.cat_pattern_(subcmt, &subpat, op)?;
            }
          }

          PatKind::Struct(_, ref field_pats, _) => {
            // {f1: p1, ..., fN: pN}
            for fp in field_pats {
                let field_ty = self.pat_ty(&fp.node.pat)?; // see (*2)
                let cmt_field = self.cat_field(pat, cmt.clone(), fp.node.name, field_ty);
                self.cat_pattern_(cmt_field, &fp.node.pat, op)?;
            }
          }

          PatKind::Binding(.., Some(ref subpat)) => {
              self.cat_pattern_(cmt, &subpat, op)?;
          }

          PatKind::Tuple(ref subpats, ddpos) => {
            // (p1, ..., pN)
            let expected_len = match self.pat_ty(&pat)?.sty {
                ty::TyTuple(ref tys) => tys.len(),
                ref ty => span_bug!(pat.span, "tuple pattern unexpected type {:?}", ty),
            };
            for (i, subpat) in subpats.iter().enumerate_and_adjust(expected_len, ddpos) {
                let subpat_ty = self.pat_ty(&subpat)?; // see (*2)
                let subcmt = self.cat_imm_interior(pat, cmt.clone(), subpat_ty,
                                                   InteriorField(PositionalField(i)));
                self.cat_pattern_(subcmt, &subpat, op)?;
            }
          }

          PatKind::Box(ref subpat) | PatKind::Ref(ref subpat, _) => {
            // box p1, &p1, &mut p1.  we can ignore the mutability of
            // PatKind::Ref since that information is already contained
            // in the type.
            let subcmt = self.cat_deref(pat, cmt, 0)?;
            self.cat_pattern_(subcmt, &subpat, op)?;
          }

          PatKind::Slice(ref before, ref slice, ref after) => {
            let context = InteriorOffsetKind::Pattern;
            let elt_cmt = self.cat_index(pat, cmt, context)?;
            for before_pat in before {
                self.cat_pattern_(elt_cmt.clone(), &before_pat, op)?;
            }
            if let Some(ref slice_pat) = *slice {
                self.cat_pattern_(elt_cmt.clone(), &slice_pat, op)?;
            }
            for after_pat in after {
                self.cat_pattern_(elt_cmt.clone(), &after_pat, op)?;
            }
          }

          PatKind::Path(_) | PatKind::Binding(.., None) |
          PatKind::Lit(..) | PatKind::Range(..) | PatKind::Wild => {
            // always ok
          }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn overloaded_method_return_ty(&self,
                                   method_ty: Ty<'tcx>)
                                   -> Ty<'tcx>
    {
        // When we process an overloaded `*` or `[]` etc, we often
        // need to extract the return type of the method. These method
        // types are generated by method resolution and always have
        // all late-bound regions fully instantiated, so we just want
        // to skip past the binder.
        self.tcx().no_late_bound_regions(&method_ty.fn_ret())
           .unwrap()
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum Aliasability {
    FreelyAliasable(AliasableReason),
    NonAliasable,
    ImmutableUnique(Box<Aliasability>),
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
pub enum AliasableReason {
    AliasableBorrowed,
    AliasableClosure(ast::NodeId), // Aliasable due to capture Fn closure env
    AliasableOther,
    UnaliasableImmutable, // Created as needed upon seeing ImmutableUnique
    AliasableStatic,
    AliasableStaticMut,
}

impl<'tcx> cmt_<'tcx> {
    pub fn guarantor(&self) -> cmt<'tcx> {
        //! Returns `self` after stripping away any derefs or
        //! interior content. The return value is basically the `cmt` which
        //! determines how long the value in `self` remains live.

        match self.cat {
            Categorization::Rvalue(..) |
            Categorization::StaticItem |
            Categorization::Local(..) |
            Categorization::Deref(.., UnsafePtr(..)) |
            Categorization::Deref(.., BorrowedPtr(..)) |
            Categorization::Deref(.., Implicit(..)) |
            Categorization::Upvar(..) => {
                Rc::new((*self).clone())
            }
            Categorization::Downcast(ref b, _) |
            Categorization::Interior(ref b, _) |
            Categorization::Deref(ref b, _, Unique) => {
                b.guarantor()
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns `FreelyAliasable(_)` if this lvalue represents a freely aliasable pointer type.
    pub fn freely_aliasable(&self) -> Aliasability {
        // Maybe non-obvious: copied upvars can only be considered
        // non-aliasable in once closures, since any other kind can be
        // aliased and eventually recused.

        match self.cat {
            Categorization::Deref(ref b, _, BorrowedPtr(ty::MutBorrow, _)) |
            Categorization::Deref(ref b, _, Implicit(ty::MutBorrow, _)) |
            Categorization::Deref(ref b, _, BorrowedPtr(ty::UniqueImmBorrow, _)) |
            Categorization::Deref(ref b, _, Implicit(ty::UniqueImmBorrow, _)) |
            Categorization::Downcast(ref b, _) |
            Categorization::Interior(ref b, _) => {
                // Aliasability depends on base cmt
                b.freely_aliasable()
            }

            Categorization::Deref(ref b, _, Unique) => {
                let sub = b.freely_aliasable();
                if b.mutbl.is_mutable() {
                    // Aliasability depends on base cmt alone
                    sub
                } else {
                    // Do not allow mutation through an immutable box.
                    ImmutableUnique(Box::new(sub))
                }
            }

            Categorization::Rvalue(..) |
            Categorization::Local(..) |
            Categorization::Upvar(..) |
            Categorization::Deref(.., UnsafePtr(..)) => { // yes, it's aliasable, but...
                NonAliasable
            }

            Categorization::StaticItem => {
                if self.mutbl.is_mutable() {
                    FreelyAliasable(AliasableStaticMut)
                } else {
                    FreelyAliasable(AliasableStatic)
                }
            }

            Categorization::Deref(ref base, _, BorrowedPtr(ty::ImmBorrow, _)) |
            Categorization::Deref(ref base, _, Implicit(ty::ImmBorrow, _)) => {
                match base.cat {
                    Categorization::Upvar(Upvar{ id, .. }) =>
                        FreelyAliasable(AliasableClosure(id.closure_expr_id)),
                    _ => FreelyAliasable(AliasableBorrowed)
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Digs down through one or two layers of deref and grabs the cmt
    // for the upvar if a note indicates there is one.
    pub fn upvar(&self) -> Option<cmt<'tcx>> {
        match self.note {
            NoteClosureEnv(..) | NoteUpvarRef(..) => {
                Some(match self.cat {
                    Categorization::Deref(ref inner, ..) => {
                        match inner.cat {
                            Categorization::Deref(ref inner, ..) => inner.clone(),
                            Categorization::Upvar(..) => inner.clone(),
                            _ => bug!()
                        }
                    }
                    _ => bug!()
                })
            }
            NoteNone => None
        }
    }


    pub fn descriptive_string(&self, tcx: TyCtxt) -> String {
        match self.cat {
            Categorization::StaticItem => {
                "static item".to_string()
            }
            Categorization::Rvalue(..) => {
                "non-lvalue".to_string()
            }
            Categorization::Local(vid) => {
                if tcx.map.is_argument(vid) {
                    "argument".to_string()
                } else {
                    "local variable".to_string()
                }
            }
            Categorization::Deref(.., pk) => {
                let upvar = self.upvar();
                match upvar.as_ref().map(|i| &i.cat) {
                    Some(&Categorization::Upvar(ref var)) => {
                        var.to_string()
                    }
                    Some(_) => bug!(),
                    None => {
                        match pk {
                            Implicit(..) => {
                                format!("indexed content")
                            }
                            Unique => {
                                format!("`Box` content")
                            }
                            UnsafePtr(..) => {
                                format!("dereference of raw pointer")
                            }
                            BorrowedPtr(..) => {
                                format!("borrowed content")
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            Categorization::Interior(_, InteriorField(NamedField(_))) => {
                "field".to_string()
            }
            Categorization::Interior(_, InteriorField(PositionalField(_))) => {
                "anonymous field".to_string()
            }
            Categorization::Interior(_, InteriorElement(InteriorOffsetKind::Index,
                                                        VecElement)) |
            Categorization::Interior(_, InteriorElement(InteriorOffsetKind::Index,
                                                        OtherElement)) => {
                "indexed content".to_string()
            }
            Categorization::Interior(_, InteriorElement(InteriorOffsetKind::Pattern,
                                                        VecElement)) |
            Categorization::Interior(_, InteriorElement(InteriorOffsetKind::Pattern,
                                                        OtherElement)) => {
                "pattern-bound indexed content".to_string()
            }
            Categorization::Upvar(ref var) => {
                var.to_string()
            }
            Categorization::Downcast(ref cmt, _) => {
                cmt.descriptive_string(tcx)
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<'tcx> fmt::Debug for cmt_<'tcx> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{{{:?} id:{} m:{:?} ty:{:?}}}",
               self.cat,
               self.id,
               self.mutbl,
               self.ty)
    }
}

impl<'tcx> fmt::Debug for Categorization<'tcx> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match *self {
            Categorization::StaticItem => write!(f, "static"),
            Categorization::Rvalue(r) => write!(f, "rvalue({:?})", r),
            Categorization::Local(id) => {
               let name = ty::tls::with(|tcx| tcx.local_var_name_str(id));
               write!(f, "local({})", name)
            }
            Categorization::Upvar(upvar) => {
                write!(f, "upvar({:?})", upvar)
            }
            Categorization::Deref(ref cmt, derefs, ptr) => {
                write!(f, "{:?}-{:?}{}->", cmt.cat, ptr, derefs)
            }
            Categorization::Interior(ref cmt, interior) => {
                write!(f, "{:?}.{:?}", cmt.cat, interior)
            }
            Categorization::Downcast(ref cmt, _) => {
                write!(f, "{:?}->(enum)", cmt.cat)
            }
        }
    }
}

pub fn ptr_sigil(ptr: PointerKind) -> &'static str {
    match ptr {
        Unique => "Box",
        BorrowedPtr(ty::ImmBorrow, _) |
        Implicit(ty::ImmBorrow, _) => "&",
        BorrowedPtr(ty::MutBorrow, _) |
        Implicit(ty::MutBorrow, _) => "&mut",
        BorrowedPtr(ty::UniqueImmBorrow, _) |
        Implicit(ty::UniqueImmBorrow, _) => "&unique",
        UnsafePtr(_) => "*",
    }
}

impl<'tcx> fmt::Debug for PointerKind<'tcx> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match *self {
            Unique => write!(f, "Box"),
            BorrowedPtr(ty::ImmBorrow, ref r) |
            Implicit(ty::ImmBorrow, ref r) => {
                write!(f, "&{:?}", r)
            }
            BorrowedPtr(ty::MutBorrow, ref r) |
            Implicit(ty::MutBorrow, ref r) => {
                write!(f, "&{:?} mut", r)
            }
            BorrowedPtr(ty::UniqueImmBorrow, ref r) |
            Implicit(ty::UniqueImmBorrow, ref r) => {
                write!(f, "&{:?} uniq", r)
            }
            UnsafePtr(_) => write!(f, "*")
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for InteriorKind {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match *self {
            InteriorField(NamedField(fld)) => write!(f, "{}", fld),
            InteriorField(PositionalField(i)) => write!(f, "#{}", i),
            InteriorElement(..) => write!(f, "[]"),
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for Upvar {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{:?}/{:?}", self.id, self.kind)
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Upvar {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        let kind = match self.kind {
            ty::ClosureKind::Fn => "Fn",
            ty::ClosureKind::FnMut => "FnMut",
            ty::ClosureKind::FnOnce => "FnOnce",
        };
        write!(f, "captured outer variable in an `{}` closure", kind)
    }
}