Implement SQLite error/warning logging callback

[friedbunny]

Per http://www.sqlite.org/errlog.html:

SQLite can be configured to invoke a callback function containing an error code and a terse error message whenever anomalies occur. This mechanism is very helpful in tracking obscure problems that occur rarely and in the field. Application developers are encouraged to take advantage of the error logging facility of SQLite in their products, as it is very low CPU and memory cost but can be a huge aid for debugging.

This will be helpful in diagnosing and ultimately fixing #5651, #6193, and other SQLite exceptions that might occur.

/cc @jfirebaugh @tobrun @kkaefer