diff --git a/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/agent/participant2/ParticipantAgent.scala b/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/agent/participant2/ParticipantAgent.scala
index ad712cfefd..84fc728c5b 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/agent/participant2/ParticipantAgent.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/agent/participant2/ParticipantAgent.scala
@@ -230,12 +230,9 @@ object ParticipantAgent {
   ): Behavior[Request] =
     Behaviors.receivePartial {
       case (ctx, request: ParticipantRequest) =>
+        // ParticipantRequests are always directly answered
+        // without taking into account possible new input data
         val updatedShell = modelShell
-          .updateModelInput(
-            inputHandler.getData,
-            gridAdapter.nodalVoltage,
-            request.tick,
-          )
           .handleRequest(ctx, request)
 
         ParticipantAgent(
@@ -400,7 +397,7 @@ object ParticipantAgent {
 
       val (updatedShell, updatedGridAdapter) = Scope(modelShell)
         .map(
-          _.updateModelInput(
+          _.handleInputData(
             inputHandler.getData,
             gridAdapter.nodalVoltage,
             activation.tick,
diff --git a/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/ParticipantModel.scala b/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/ParticipantModel.scala
index 0a23f5bacb..6ee2f74e88 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/ParticipantModel.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/ParticipantModel.scala
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import edu.ie3.simona.agent.participant.data.Data.PrimaryData.{
 }
 import edu.ie3.simona.agent.participant.data.Data
 import edu.ie3.simona.model.participant2.ParticipantModel.{
-  ModelInput,
   ModelState,
   OperatingPoint,
 }
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ abstract class ParticipantModel[
 
   /** Determines the initial state given an initial model input.
     */
-  val initialState: ModelInput => S
+  val initialState: (Long, ZonedDateTime) => S
 
   /** Determines the current state given the last state and the operating point
     * that has been valid from the last state up until now.
@@ -80,17 +79,38 @@ abstract class ParticipantModel[
     * @param operatingPoint
     *   The operating point valid from the simulation time of the last state up
     *   until now.
-    * @param input
-    *   The model input data for the current tick.
+    * @param tick
+    *   The current tick
+    * @param simulationTime
+    *   The current simulation time
     * @return
     *   The current state.
     */
   def determineState(
       lastState: S,
       operatingPoint: OP,
-      input: ModelInput,
+      tick: Long,
+      simulationTime: ZonedDateTime,
   ): S
 
+  /** Handles input data (primary or secondary) by integrating into the current
+    * mode state.
+    *
+    * @param state
+    *   The current state
+    * @param receivedData
+    *   The received primary or secondary data.
+    * @param nodalVoltage
+    *   The voltage at the node that we're connected to.
+    * @return
+    *   The current state with updated input data
+    */
+  def handleInput(
+      state: S,
+      receivedData: Seq[Data],
+      nodalVoltage: Dimensionless,
+  ): S = state
+
   /** Returns a partial function that transfers the current nodal voltage and
     * active power into reactive power based on the participants properties.
     *
@@ -191,24 +211,6 @@ abstract class ParticipantModel[
 
 object ParticipantModel {
 
-  /** Holds all potentially relevant input data for model calculation.
-    *
-    * @param receivedData
-    *   The received primary or secondary data.
-    * @param nodalVoltage
-    *   The voltage at the node that we're connected to.
-    * @param currentTick
-    *   The current tick.
-    * @param currentSimulationTime
-    *   The current simulation time (matches the tick).
-    */
-  final case class ModelInput(
-      receivedData: Seq[Data],
-      nodalVoltage: Dimensionless,
-      currentTick: Long,
-      currentSimulationTime: ZonedDateTime,
-  )
-
   trait OperatingPoint {
 
     val activePower: Power
@@ -239,14 +241,15 @@ object ParticipantModel {
   ] {
     this: ParticipantModel[OP, FixedState] =>
 
-    override val initialState: ModelInput => FixedState =
-      input => FixedState(input.currentTick)
+    override val initialState: (Long, ZonedDateTime) => FixedState =
+      (tick, _) => FixedState(tick)
 
     override def determineState(
         lastState: FixedState,
         operatingPoint: OP,
-        input: ModelInput,
-    ): FixedState = FixedState(input.currentTick)
+        tick: Long,
+        simulationTime: ZonedDateTime,
+    ): FixedState = FixedState(tick)
 
   }
 
@@ -264,15 +267,16 @@ object ParticipantModel {
   ] {
     this: ParticipantModel[OP, DateTimeState] =>
 
-    override val initialState: ModelInput => DateTimeState = input =>
-      DateTimeState(input.currentTick, input.currentSimulationTime)
+    override val initialState: (Long, ZonedDateTime) => DateTimeState =
+      (tick, simulationTime) => DateTimeState(tick, simulationTime)
 
     override def determineState(
         lastState: DateTimeState,
         operatingPoint: OP,
-        input: ModelInput,
+        tick: Long,
+        simulationTime: ZonedDateTime,
     ): DateTimeState =
-      DateTimeState(input.currentTick, input.currentSimulationTime)
+      DateTimeState(tick, simulationTime)
 
   }
 
diff --git a/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/ParticipantModelShell.scala b/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/ParticipantModelShell.scala
index 0570ca602c..b45b9892db 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/ParticipantModelShell.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/ParticipantModelShell.scala
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import edu.ie3.simona.exceptions.CriticalFailureException
 import edu.ie3.simona.model.SystemComponent
 import edu.ie3.simona.model.em.EmTools
 import edu.ie3.simona.model.participant2.ParticipantModel.{
-  ModelInput,
   ModelState,
   OperatingPoint,
   OperationChangeIndicator,
@@ -67,9 +66,6 @@ import scala.reflect.ClassTag
   *   The date and time at which simulation started.
   * @param _state
   *   The most recent model state, if one has been calculated already.
-  * @param _input
-  *   The most recent model input used for calculation, if it has been received
-  *   already.
   * @param _flexOptions
   *   The most recent flex options, if they have been calculated already.
   * @param _lastOperatingPoint
@@ -94,7 +90,6 @@ final case class ParticipantModelShell[
     private val operationInterval: OperationInterval,
     private val simulationStartDate: ZonedDateTime,
     private val _state: Option[S] = None,
-    private val _input: Option[ModelInput] = None,
     private val _flexOptions: Option[ProvideFlexOptions] = None,
     private val _lastOperatingPoint: Option[OP] = None,
     private val _operatingPoint: Option[OP] = None,
@@ -128,18 +123,6 @@ final case class ParticipantModelShell[
   def requiredServices: Iterable[ServiceType] =
     model.getRequiredSecondaryServices
 
-  /** Returns the current relevant data, if present, or throws a
-    * [[CriticalFailureException]]. Only call this if you are certain the model
-    * input data has been set.
-    *
-    * @return
-    *   The model input data.
-    */
-  private def modelInput: ModelInput =
-    _input.getOrElse(
-      throw new CriticalFailureException("No relevant data available!")
-    )
-
   /** Returns the current operating point, if present, or throws a
     * [[CriticalFailureException]]. Only call this if you are certain the
     * operating point has been set.
@@ -177,7 +160,7 @@ final case class ParticipantModelShell[
   def reactivePowerFunc: Dimensionless => Power => ReactivePower =
     model.reactivePowerFunc
 
-  /** Updates the model input according to the received data, the current nodal
+  /** Updates the model state according to the received data, the current nodal
     * voltage and the current tick.
     *
     * @param receivedData
@@ -189,23 +172,16 @@ final case class ParticipantModelShell[
     * @return
     *   An updated [[ParticipantModelShell]].
     */
-  def updateModelInput(
+  def handleInputData(
       receivedData: Seq[Data],
       nodalVoltage: Dimensionless,
       tick: Long,
   ): ParticipantModelShell[OP, S] = {
-    val currentSimulationTime = tick.toDateTime(simulationStartDate)
-
-    copy(_input =
-      Some(
-        ModelInput(
-          receivedData,
-          nodalVoltage,
-          tick,
-          currentSimulationTime,
-        )
-      )
-    )
+    val currentState = determineCurrentState(tick)
+    val updatedState =
+      model.handleInput(currentState, receivedData, nodalVoltage)
+
+    copy(_state = Some(updatedState))
   }
 
   /** Update operating point when the model is '''not''' em-controlled.
@@ -454,13 +430,23 @@ final case class ParticipantModelShell[
   private def determineCurrentState(tick: Long): S = {
     // new state is only calculated if there's an old state and an operating point
     val state = _state
-      .zip(_operatingPoint)
-      .flatMap { case (st, op) =>
-        Option.when(st.tick < tick) {
-          model.determineState(st, op, modelInput)
+      .map { st =>
+        if (st.tick < tick) {
+          // If the state is old, an operating point needs
+          // to be present to determine the curren state
+          model.determineState(
+            st,
+            operatingPoint,
+            tick,
+            tick.toDateTime(simulationStartDate),
+          )
+        } else {
+          // The state is up-to-date, no need to update
+          st
         }
       }
-      .getOrElse(model.initialState(modelInput))
+      // No state present, create an initial one
+      .getOrElse(model.initialState(tick, tick.toDateTime(simulationStartDate)))
 
     if (state.tick != tick)
       throw new CriticalFailureException(
diff --git a/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/PrimaryDataParticipantModel.scala b/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/PrimaryDataParticipantModel.scala
index e86302dd8c..101927f673 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/PrimaryDataParticipantModel.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/PrimaryDataParticipantModel.scala
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import edu.ie3.simona.agent.participant.data.Data.PrimaryData.{
 import edu.ie3.simona.exceptions.CriticalFailureException
 import edu.ie3.simona.model.participant.control.QControl
 import edu.ie3.simona.model.participant2.ParticipantModel.{
-  ModelInput,
   ModelState,
   OperatingPoint,
   OperationChangeIndicator,
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ import edu.ie3.simona.ontology.messages.flex.FlexibilityMessage
 import edu.ie3.simona.ontology.messages.flex.MinMaxFlexibilityMessage.ProvideMinMaxFlexOptions
 import edu.ie3.simona.service.ServiceType
 import edu.ie3.util.scala.quantities.{ApparentPower, ReactivePower}
-import squants.Power
+import squants.{Dimensionless, Power}
 
 import java.time.ZonedDateTime
 import java.util.UUID
@@ -62,22 +61,27 @@ final case class PrimaryDataParticipantModel[PD <: PrimaryData: ClassTag](
       PrimaryDataState[PD],
     ] {
 
-  override val initialState: ModelInput => PrimaryDataState[PD] = { input =>
-    val primaryData = getPrimaryData(input.receivedData)
-    PrimaryDataState(
-      primaryData,
-      input.currentTick,
-    )
+  override val initialState: (Long, ZonedDateTime) => PrimaryDataState[PD] = {
+    (tick, _) =>
+      PrimaryDataState(
+        primaryDataExtra.zero,
+        tick,
+      )
   }
 
   override def determineState(
       lastState: PrimaryDataState[PD],
       operatingPoint: PrimaryOperatingPoint[PD],
-      input: ModelInput,
-  ): PrimaryDataState[PD] = initialState(input)
+      tick: Long,
+      simulationTime: ZonedDateTime,
+  ): PrimaryDataState[PD] = lastState.copy(tick = tick)
 
-  private def getPrimaryData(receivedData: Seq[Data]): PD = {
-    receivedData
+  override def handleInput(
+      state: PrimaryDataState[PD],
+      receivedData: Seq[Data],
+      nodalVoltage: Dimensionless,
+  ): PrimaryDataState[PD] = {
+    val primaryData = receivedData
       .collectFirst { case data: PD =>
         data
       }
@@ -88,6 +92,8 @@ final case class PrimaryDataParticipantModel[PD <: PrimaryData: ClassTag](
             s"got $receivedData"
         )
       }
+
+    state.copy(data = primaryData)
   }
 
   override def determineOperatingPoint(
diff --git a/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/PvModel.scala b/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/PvModel.scala
index a79120b4b5..5ac0158706 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/PvModel.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/PvModel.scala
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import edu.ie3.simona.model.participant.control.QControl
 import edu.ie3.simona.model.participant2.ParticipantFlexibility.ParticipantSimpleFlexibility
 import edu.ie3.simona.model.participant2.ParticipantModel.{
   ActivePowerOperatingPoint,
-  ModelInput,
   ModelState,
 }
 import edu.ie3.simona.model.participant2.PvModel.PvState
@@ -30,6 +29,7 @@ import edu.ie3.simona.ontology.messages.services.WeatherMessage.WeatherData
 import edu.ie3.simona.service.ServiceType
 import edu.ie3.util.quantities.PowerSystemUnits
 import edu.ie3.util.quantities.QuantityUtils.RichQuantityDouble
+import edu.ie3.util.scala.quantities.DefaultQuantities.zeroWPerSM
 import edu.ie3.util.scala.quantities._
 import squants._
 import squants.space.{Degrees, SquareMeters}
@@ -74,25 +74,30 @@ class PvModel private (
   private val activationThreshold =
     sRated.toActivePower(cosPhiRated) * 0.001 * -1
 
-  override val initialState: ModelInput => PvState = { input =>
-    val weatherData = getWeatherData(input.receivedData)
-
-    PvState(
-      input.currentTick,
-      input.currentSimulationTime,
-      weatherData.diffIrr,
-      weatherData.dirIrr,
-    )
+  override val initialState: (Long, ZonedDateTime) => PvState = {
+    (tick, simulationTime) =>
+      PvState(
+        tick,
+        simulationTime,
+        zeroWPerSM,
+        zeroWPerSM,
+      )
   }
 
   override def determineState(
       lastState: PvState,
       operatingPoint: ActivePowerOperatingPoint,
-      input: ModelInput,
-  ): PvState = initialState(input)
+      tick: Long,
+      simulationTime: ZonedDateTime,
+  ): PvState =
+    lastState.copy(tick = tick, dateTime = simulationTime)
 
-  private def getWeatherData(receivedData: Seq[Data]): WeatherData = {
-    receivedData
+  override def handleInput(
+      state: PvState,
+      receivedData: Seq[Data],
+      nodalVoltage: Dimensionless,
+  ): PvState = {
+    val weatherData = receivedData
       .collectFirst { case weatherData: WeatherData =>
         weatherData
       }
@@ -101,6 +106,11 @@ class PvModel private (
           s"Expected WeatherData, got $receivedData"
         )
       }
+
+    state.copy(
+      diffIrradiance = weatherData.diffIrr,
+      dirIrradiance = weatherData.dirIrr,
+    )
   }
 
   /** Calculate the active power behaviour of the model.
diff --git a/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/WecModel.scala b/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/WecModel.scala
index 64e896daf8..6e0da86bf7 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/WecModel.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/simona/model/participant2/WecModel.scala
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import edu.ie3.simona.model.participant.control.QControl
 import edu.ie3.simona.model.participant2.ParticipantFlexibility.ParticipantSimpleFlexibility
 import edu.ie3.simona.model.participant2.ParticipantModel.{
   ActivePowerOperatingPoint,
-  ModelInput,
   ModelState,
 }
 import edu.ie3.simona.model.participant2.WecModel.{
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ import squants.energy.Watts
 import squants.mass.{Kilograms, KilogramsPerCubicMeter}
 import squants.motion.{MetersPerSecond, Pressure}
 import squants.space.SquareMeters
-import squants.thermal.JoulesPerKelvin
+import squants.thermal.{Celsius, JoulesPerKelvin}
 import tech.units.indriya.unit.Units._
 
 import java.time.ZonedDateTime
@@ -67,12 +66,11 @@ class WecModel private (
     with ParticipantSimpleFlexibility[WecState]
     with LazyLogging {
 
-  override val initialState: ModelInput => WecState = { input =>
-    val weatherData = getWeatherData(input.receivedData)
+  override val initialState: (Long, ZonedDateTime) => WecState = { (tick, _) =>
     WecState(
-      input.currentTick,
-      weatherData.windVel,
-      weatherData.temp,
+      tick,
+      MetersPerSecond(0d),
+      Celsius(0d),
       None,
     )
   }
@@ -80,11 +78,16 @@ class WecModel private (
   override def determineState(
       lastState: WecState,
       operatingPoint: ActivePowerOperatingPoint,
-      input: ModelInput,
-  ): WecState = initialState(input)
+      tick: Long,
+      simulationTime: ZonedDateTime,
+  ): WecState = lastState.copy(tick = tick)
 
-  private def getWeatherData(receivedData: Seq[Data]): WeatherData = {
-    receivedData
+  override def handleInput(
+      state: WecState,
+      receivedData: Seq[Data],
+      nodalVoltage: Dimensionless,
+  ): WecState = {
+    val weatherData = receivedData
       .collectFirst { case weatherData: WeatherData =>
         weatherData
       }
@@ -93,6 +96,11 @@ class WecModel private (
           s"Expected WeatherData, got $receivedData"
         )
       }
+
+    state.copy(
+      windVelocity = weatherData.windVel,
+      temperature = weatherData.temp,
+    )
   }
 
   override def determineOperatingPoint(
diff --git a/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/util/scala/quantities/DefaultQuantities.scala b/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/util/scala/quantities/DefaultQuantities.scala
index 698f757eff..9248f35bb2 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/util/scala/quantities/DefaultQuantities.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/edu/ie3/util/scala/quantities/DefaultQuantities.scala
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ object DefaultQuantities {
   val zeroKW: Power = Kilowatts(0d)
   val zeroMW: Power = Megawatts(0d)
 
+  val zeroWPerSM: Irradiance = WattsPerSquareMeter(0d)
+
   val zeroKVAr: ReactivePower = Kilovars(0d)
   val zeroMVAr: ReactivePower = Megavars(0d)
 
diff --git a/src/test/scala/edu/ie3/simona/agent/participant2/MockParticipantModel.scala b/src/test/scala/edu/ie3/simona/agent/participant2/MockParticipantModel.scala
index 42ea376447..9e3b47220f 100644
--- a/src/test/scala/edu/ie3/simona/agent/participant2/MockParticipantModel.scala
+++ b/src/test/scala/edu/ie3/simona/agent/participant2/MockParticipantModel.scala
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 package edu.ie3.simona.agent.participant2
 
 import edu.ie3.datamodel.models.result.system.SystemParticipantResult
+import edu.ie3.simona.agent.participant.data.Data
 import edu.ie3.simona.agent.participant.data.Data.{PrimaryData, SecondaryData}
 import edu.ie3.simona.agent.participant2.MockParticipantModel._
 import edu.ie3.simona.agent.participant2.ParticipantAgent.ParticipantRequest
@@ -22,7 +23,9 @@ import edu.ie3.util.scala.quantities.DefaultQuantities._
 import edu.ie3.util.scala.quantities.{ApparentPower, Kilovoltamperes}
 import org.apache.pekko.actor.typed.ActorRef
 import org.apache.pekko.actor.typed.scaladsl.ActorContext
-import squants.energy.{Kilowatts, Power}
+import squants.Dimensionless
+import squants.energy.{Energy, Kilowatts, Power}
+import squants.time.Seconds
 import tech.units.indriya.ComparableQuantity
 
 import java.time.ZonedDateTime
@@ -52,23 +55,41 @@ class MockParticipantModel(
       MockState,
     ] {
 
-  override val initialState: ModelInput => MockState = { input =>
-    val maybeAdditionalPower = input.receivedData.collectFirst {
-      case data: MockSecondaryData =>
-        data.additionalP
-    }
-
+  override val initialState: (Long, ZonedDateTime) => MockState = { (tick, _) =>
     MockState(
-      maybeAdditionalPower,
-      input.currentTick,
+      None,
+      zeroKWh,
+      tick,
     )
   }
 
   override def determineState(
       lastState: MockState,
       operatingPoint: ActivePowerOperatingPoint,
-      input: ModelInput,
-  ): MockState = initialState(input)
+      tick: Long,
+      simulationTime: ZonedDateTime,
+  ): MockState = {
+    val energySinceLastState =
+      operatingPoint.activePower * Seconds(tick - lastState.tick)
+
+    lastState.copy(
+      tick = tick,
+      countedEnergy = lastState.countedEnergy + energySinceLastState,
+    )
+  }
+
+  override def handleInput(
+      state: MockState,
+      receivedData: Seq[Data],
+      nodalVoltage: Dimensionless,
+  ): MockState = {
+    val maybeAdditionalPower = receivedData.collectFirst {
+      case data: MockSecondaryData =>
+        data.additionalP
+    }
+
+    state.copy(additionalP = maybeAdditionalPower)
+  }
 
   override def determineOperatingPoint(
       state: MockState
@@ -146,7 +167,7 @@ class MockParticipantModel(
   ): MockState = {
     msg match {
       case MockRequestMessage(_, replyTo) =>
-        replyTo ! MockResponseMessage
+        replyTo ! MockResponseMessage(state.countedEnergy)
     }
 
     state
@@ -156,14 +177,20 @@ class MockParticipantModel(
 
 object MockParticipantModel {
 
-  /** Simple [[ModelState]] to test its usage in operation point calculations
+  /** Simple [[ModelState]] to test its usage in operation point calculations.
+    * Produced and consumed energy is counted in order to test the handling of
+    * states.
     *
     * @param additionalP
     *   Power value that is added to the power or flex options power for testing
     *   purposes
+    * @param countedEnergy
+    *   The counted produced and consumed energy since beginning of the
+    *   simulation
     */
   final case class MockState(
       additionalP: Option[Power],
+      countedEnergy: Energy,
       override val tick: Long,
   ) extends ModelState
 
@@ -176,10 +203,17 @@ object MockParticipantModel {
 
   final case class MockRequestMessage(
       override val tick: Long,
-      replyTo: ActorRef[MockResponseMessage.type],
+      replyTo: ActorRef[MockResponseMessage],
   ) extends ParticipantRequest
 
-  case object MockResponseMessage
+  /** Mock response message that also enables testing of state handling
+    *
+    * @param countedEnergy
+    *   The counted energy per current state
+    */
+  final case class MockResponseMessage(
+      countedEnergy: Energy
+  )
 
   final case class MockSecondaryData(additionalP: Power) extends SecondaryData
 
diff --git a/src/test/scala/edu/ie3/simona/agent/participant2/ParticipantAgentSpec.scala b/src/test/scala/edu/ie3/simona/agent/participant2/ParticipantAgentSpec.scala
index bc5fe13f39..3a91ee0c8e 100644
--- a/src/test/scala/edu/ie3/simona/agent/participant2/ParticipantAgentSpec.scala
+++ b/src/test/scala/edu/ie3/simona/agent/participant2/ParticipantAgentSpec.scala
@@ -47,11 +47,12 @@ import edu.ie3.simona.util.TickUtil.TickLong
 import edu.ie3.util.TimeUtil
 import edu.ie3.util.quantities.QuantityUtils.RichQuantityDouble
 import edu.ie3.util.scala.OperationInterval
+import edu.ie3.util.scala.quantities.DefaultQuantities.zeroKWh
 import edu.ie3.util.scala.quantities.{Kilovars, ReactivePower}
 import org.apache.pekko.actor.testkit.typed.scaladsl.ScalaTestWithActorTestKit
 import org.apache.pekko.actor.typed.ActorRef
 import org.apache.pekko.actor.typed.scaladsl.adapter._
-import squants.energy.Kilowatts
+import squants.energy.{KilowattHours, Kilowatts}
 import squants.{Each, Power}
 
 import java.time.ZonedDateTime
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
         val scheduler = createTestProbe[SchedulerMessage]()
         val gridAgent = createTestProbe[GridAgent.Request]()
         val resultListener = createTestProbe[ResultEvent]()
-        val responseReceiver = createTestProbe[MockResponseMessage.type]()
+        val responseReceiver = createTestProbe[MockResponseMessage]()
 
         // receiving the activation adapter
         val receiveAdapter = createTestProbe[ActorRef[Activation]]()
@@ -119,8 +120,11 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 8 * 3600: Start of operation interval
 
-        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(0, responseReceiver.ref)
-        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage)
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(
+          operationInterval.start,
+          responseReceiver.ref,
+        )
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(zeroKWh))
 
         activationRef ! Activation(operationInterval.start)
 
@@ -138,8 +142,8 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 12 * 3600: GridAgent requests power
 
-        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(0, responseReceiver.ref)
-        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage)
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(12 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(24)))
 
         // first request
         participantAgent ! RequestAssetPowerMessage(
@@ -187,10 +191,15 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         participantAgent ! GridSimulationFinished(12 * 3600, 24 * 3600)
 
+        // TICK 14 * 3600: Mock request
+
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(14 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(36)))
+
         // TICK 20 * 3600: Outside of operation interval (last tick)
 
-        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(0, responseReceiver.ref)
-        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage)
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(20 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(72)))
 
         activationRef ! Activation(operationInterval.end)
 
@@ -206,8 +215,8 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 24 * 3600: GridAgent requests power
 
-        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(0, responseReceiver.ref)
-        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage)
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(24 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(72)))
 
         participantAgent ! RequestAssetPowerMessage(
           24 * 3600,
@@ -231,6 +240,7 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
         val scheduler = createTestProbe[SchedulerMessage]()
         val gridAgent = createTestProbe[GridAgent.Request]()
         val resultListener = createTestProbe[ResultEvent]()
+        val responseReceiver = createTestProbe[MockResponseMessage]()
 
         // receiving the activation adapter
         val receiveAdapter = createTestProbe[ActorRef[Activation]]()
@@ -272,6 +282,12 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 8 * 3600: Start of operation interval
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(
+          operationInterval.start,
+          responseReceiver.ref,
+        )
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(zeroKWh))
+
         activationRef ! Activation(operationInterval.start)
 
         resultListener.expectMessageType[ParticipantResultEvent] match {
@@ -288,6 +304,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 12 * 3600: Inside of operation interval and GridAgent requests power
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(12 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(24)))
+
         activationRef ! Activation(12 * 3600)
 
         participantAgent ! RequestAssetPowerMessage(
@@ -322,8 +341,16 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
           Completion(activationRef, Some(operationInterval.end))
         )
 
+        // TICK 14 * 3600: Mock request
+
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(14 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(36)))
+
         // TICK 20 * 3600: Outside of operation interval (last tick)
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(20 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(72)))
+
         activationRef ! Activation(operationInterval.end)
 
         resultListener.expectMessageType[ParticipantResultEvent] match {
@@ -338,6 +365,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 24 * 3600: GridAgent requests power
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(24 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(72)))
+
         participantAgent ! RequestAssetPowerMessage(
           24 * 3600,
           Each(1),
@@ -364,6 +394,7 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
         val scheduler = createTestProbe[SchedulerMessage]()
         val gridAgent = createTestProbe[GridAgent.Request]()
         val resultListener = createTestProbe[ResultEvent]()
+        val responseReceiver = createTestProbe[MockResponseMessage]()
         val service = createTestProbe()
 
         // receiving the activation adapter
@@ -406,6 +437,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 0: Outside of operation interval
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(0, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(zeroKWh))
+
         activationRef ! Activation(0)
 
         // nothing should happen, still waiting for secondary data...
@@ -436,6 +470,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 6 * 3600: Outside of operation interval, only data expected, no activation
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(6 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(zeroKWh))
+
         participantAgent ! DataProvision(
           6 * 3600,
           service.ref.toClassic,
@@ -448,6 +485,12 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 8 * 3600: Start of operation interval
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(
+          operationInterval.start,
+          responseReceiver.ref,
+        )
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(zeroKWh))
+
         activationRef ! Activation(operationInterval.start)
 
         resultListener.expectMessageType[ParticipantResultEvent] match {
@@ -465,6 +508,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 12 * 3600: Inside of operation interval, secondary data and GridAgent requests power
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(12 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(36)))
+
         activationRef ! Activation(12 * 3600)
 
         participantAgent ! RequestAssetPowerMessage(
@@ -510,6 +556,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 15 * 3600: Inside of operation interval, but empty input data received
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(15 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(72)))
+
         activationRef ! Activation(15 * 3600)
 
         // nothing should happen, still waiting for secondary data...
@@ -531,6 +580,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 18 * 3600: Inside of operation interval because of expected secondary data
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(18 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(108)))
+
         activationRef ! Activation(18 * 3600)
 
         // nothing should happen, still waiting for secondary data...
@@ -559,6 +611,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 20 * 3600: Outside of operation interval (last tick)
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(20 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(138)))
+
         activationRef ! Activation(operationInterval.end)
 
         resultListener.expectMessageType[ParticipantResultEvent] match {
@@ -574,6 +629,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 24 * 3600: GridAgent requests power
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(20 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(138)))
+
         participantAgent ! RequestAssetPowerMessage(
           24 * 3600,
           Each(1),
@@ -826,6 +884,7 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
         val em = createTestProbe[FlexResponse]()
         val gridAgent = createTestProbe[GridAgent.Request]()
         val resultListener = createTestProbe[ResultEvent]()
+        val responseReceiver = createTestProbe[MockResponseMessage]()
 
         // receiving the activation adapter
         val receiveAdapter = createTestProbe[ActorRef[FlexRequest]]()
@@ -860,6 +919,12 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 8 * 3600: Start of operation interval
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(
+          operationInterval.start,
+          responseReceiver.ref,
+        )
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(zeroKWh))
+
         flexRef ! FlexActivation(operationInterval.start)
 
         em.expectMessageType[ProvideMinMaxFlexOptions] match {
@@ -905,6 +970,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 12 * 3600: GridAgent requests power
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(12 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(12)))
+
         participantAgent ! RequestAssetPowerMessage(
           12 * 3600,
           Each(1),
@@ -923,6 +991,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 20 * 3600: Outside of operation interval (last tick)
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(20 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(36)))
+
         flexRef ! FlexActivation(operationInterval.end)
 
         em.expectMessageType[ProvideMinMaxFlexOptions] match {
@@ -986,6 +1057,7 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
         val em = createTestProbe[FlexResponse]()
         val gridAgent = createTestProbe[GridAgent.Request]()
         val resultListener = createTestProbe[ResultEvent]()
+        val responseReceiver = createTestProbe[MockResponseMessage]()
 
         // receiving the activation adapter
         val receiveAdapter = createTestProbe[ActorRef[FlexRequest]]()
@@ -1076,6 +1148,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 12 * 3600: Inside of operation interval and GridAgent requests power
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(12 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(12)))
+
         flexRef ! FlexActivation(12 * 3600)
 
         participantAgent ! RequestAssetPowerMessage(
@@ -1181,6 +1256,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 24 * 3600: GridAgent requests power
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(24 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(20)))
+
         participantAgent ! RequestAssetPowerMessage(
           24 * 3600,
           Each(1),
@@ -1208,6 +1286,7 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
         val em = createTestProbe[FlexResponse]()
         val gridAgent = createTestProbe[GridAgent.Request]()
         val resultListener = createTestProbe[ResultEvent]()
+        val responseReceiver = createTestProbe[MockResponseMessage]()
         val service = createTestProbe()
 
         // receiving the activation adapter
@@ -1254,6 +1333,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 0: Outside of operation interval
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(0, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(zeroKWh))
+
         flexRef ! FlexActivation(0)
 
         // nothing should happen, still waiting for secondary data...
@@ -1313,6 +1395,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 6 * 3600: Outside of operation interval, only data expected, no activation
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(6 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(zeroKWh))
+
         participantAgent ! DataProvision(
           6 * 3600,
           service.ref.toClassic,
@@ -1325,6 +1410,12 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 8 * 3600: Start of operation interval
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(
+          operationInterval.start,
+          responseReceiver.ref,
+        )
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(zeroKWh))
+
         flexRef ! FlexActivation(operationInterval.start)
 
         em.expectMessageType[ProvideMinMaxFlexOptions] match {
@@ -1371,6 +1462,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 12 * 3600: Inside of operation interval, GridAgent requests power
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(12 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(12)))
+
         flexRef ! FlexActivation(12 * 3600)
 
         participantAgent ! RequestAssetPowerMessage(
@@ -1444,6 +1538,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 18 * 3600: Inside of operation interval because of expected secondary data
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(18 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(30)))
+
         flexRef ! FlexActivation(18 * 3600)
 
         // nothing should happen, still waiting for secondary data...
@@ -1502,6 +1599,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 20 * 3600: Outside of operation interval (last tick)
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(20 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(42)))
+
         flexRef ! FlexActivation(operationInterval.end)
 
         em.expectMessageType[ProvideMinMaxFlexOptions] match {
@@ -1543,6 +1643,9 @@ class ParticipantAgentSpec extends ScalaTestWithActorTestKit with UnitSpec {
 
         // TICK 24 * 3600: GridAgent requests power
 
+        participantAgent ! MockRequestMessage(24 * 3600, responseReceiver.ref)
+        responseReceiver.expectMessage(MockResponseMessage(KilowattHours(42)))
+
         participantAgent ! RequestAssetPowerMessage(
           24 * 3600,
           Each(1),