metallurgy_impact_PbIsos.qmd

---
title: Evolution of Pb isotopes during (s)melting
author: 
  - name: xxx
    corresponding: true
    orcid: 0000-0001-2345-6789
    email: a@b.c
  - name: xxx
    orcid: 0000-0001-2345-6789
---

::: {.callout-caution title="In preparation"}
This chapter is in preparation. You are welcome to contribute!  
If you are interested to contribute, please get in contact with Thomas Rose, the editor of this interactive textbook, by [mail](mailto:thomas.rose@bergbaumuseum.de?subject=LIA%20textbook) or on [GitHub](https://github.com/archmetalDBM/GlobaLID-Edu). 
:::

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## Learning objective
In this unit you will gain understanding of the changes of Pb isotope signatures in the metallurgical process.

## Prior knowledge
... building upon what you already know about ... 

* lead isotope signatures of ores
* metallurgical process


## Outline
... by doing these things: 

* no isotope fractionation
* Mixing processes: fluxes, recycling, alloying


## Learning content

Powerpoint slides
interactive tool: “buckets” with material with different materials (copper, tin, lead, scrap metal) and “mixer”, coupled with respective changes in Pb isotope diagram

## Self check
Now you can provide answers to the following questions: 

* ... 

## Further reading
To delve deeper into this topic, we recommend the following resources... 

* Cui, J., and Wu, X., 2011, An experimental investigation on lead isotopic fractionati
on during metallurgical processes, Archaeometry, 53(1), 205–14.
* Rademakers, F. W., Verly, G., Somaglino, C., and Degryse, P., 2020, Geochemical changes during Egyptian copper smelting? An experimental approach to the Ayn Soukhna process and broader implications for archaeometallurgy, Journal of Archaeological Science, 122, 105223.
* Baron, S., Le-Carlier, C., Carignan, J., and Ploquin, A., 2009, Archaeological reconstruction of medieval lead production: Implications for ancient metal provenance studies and paleopollution tracing by Pb isotopes, Applied Geochemistry, 24(11), 2093–101.
* Longman, J., Veres, D., Ersek, V., Phillips, D. L., Chauvel, C., and Tamas, C. G., 2018, Quantitative assessment of Pb sources in isotopic mixtures using a Bayesian mixing model, Scientific Reports, 8(1), 6154.
* Eshel, T., Gilboa, A., Yahalom-Mack, N., Tirosh, O., and Erel, Y., 2021, Debasement of silver throughout the Late Bronze – Iron Age transition in the Southern Levant: Analytical and cultural implications, Journal of Archaeological Science, 125, 105268.
* Pollard, A. M., and Bray, P. J., 2015, A New Method For Combining Lead Isotope and Lead Abundance Data to Characterize Archaeological Copper Alloys, Archaeometry, 57(6), 996–1008.
* Sun, Z., Liu, S., Zhang, J., Chen, K., and Kaufman, B., 2023, Resolving the complex mixing history of ancient Chinese bronzes by Manifold Learning and a Bayesian Mixing Model, Journal of Archaeological Science, 151, 105728.
* Bray, P., 2020, Modelling Roman Concepts of Copper-Alloy Recycling and Mutability: The Chemical Characterization Hypothesis and Roman Britain, In Recycling and Reuse in the Roman Economy (P. Bray), 237–64, Oxford University Press.

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