diff --git a/docs/userguide/appendices.rest b/docs/userguide/appendices.rest index ce64f2e5d..a8bbac3d0 100644 --- a/docs/userguide/appendices.rest +++ b/docs/userguide/appendices.rest @@ -448,8 +448,7 @@ A3. Noah `namelist.hrldas` File with Description of Options ----------------------------------------------------------- Below is an annotated namelist.hrldas file for running with the Noah -land surface model. Notes and descriptions are indicated with <-- and -blue text. +land surface model. Notes and descriptions are indicated with <-- .. code-block:: fortran @@ -522,7 +521,7 @@ Below is an annotated namelist.hrldas file for running with the Noah-MP land surface model. Do note that the file says ``&NOAHLSM_OFFLINE`` however it is for use with the Noah-MP LSM. This namelist statement happens to be hardcoded and thus not easily changed. Notes and -descriptions are indicated with <-- and blue text when after sections +descriptions are indicated with <-- after sections being described. See the official HRLDAS namelist description here: https://github.com/NCAR/hrldas-release/blob/release/HRLDAS/run/README.namelist @@ -559,20 +558,87 @@ https://github.com/NCAR/hrldas-release/blob/release/HRLDAS/run/README.namelist ! Physics options (see the documentation for details) - DYNAMIC_VEG_OPTION = 4 - CANOPY_STOMATAL_RESISTANCE_OPTION = 1 - BTR_OPTION = 1 - RUNOFF_OPTION = 3 - SURFACE_DRAG_OPTION = 1 - FROZEN_SOIL_OPTION = 1 - SUPERCOOLED_WATER_OPTION = 1 - RADIATIVE_TRANSFER_OPTION = 3 - SNOW_ALBEDO_OPTION = 2 - PCP_PARTITION_OPTION = 1 - TBOT_OPTION = 2 - TEMP_TIME_SCHEME_OPTION = 3 - GLACIER_OPTION = 2 - SURFACE_RESISTANCE_OPTION = 4 + DYNAMIC_VEG_OPTION = 4 !<-- options for dynamic vegetation: + ! 1 -> off (use table LAI; use FVEG = SHDFAC from input) + ! 2 -> on (together with OPT_CRS = 1) + ! 3 -> off (use table LAI; calculate FVEG) + ! **4 -> off (use table LAI; use maximum vegetation fraction) + ! **5 -> on (use maximum vegetation fraction) + ! 6 -> on (use FVEG = SHDFAC from input) + ! 7 -> off (use input LAI; use FVEG = SHDFAC from input) + ! 8 -> off (use input LAI; calculate FVEG) + ! 9 -> off (use input LAI; use maximum vegetation fraction) + + CANOPY_STOMATAL_RESISTANCE_OPTION = 1 !<-- options for canopy stomatal resistance + ! **1 -> Ball-Berry + ! 2 -> Jarvis + + BTR_OPTION = 1 !<-- options for soil moisture factor for stomatal resistance + ! **1 -> Noah (soil moisture) + ! 2 -> CLM (matric potential) + ! 3 -> SSiB (matric potential) + + RUNOFF_OPTION = 3 !<-- options for runoff and groundwater + ! 1 -> TOPMODEL with groundwater (Niu et al. 2007 JGR) + ! 2 -> TOPMODEL with an equilibrium water table (Niu et al. 2005 JGR) + ! **3 -> original surface and subsurface runoff (free drainage) + ! 4 -> BATS surface and subsurface runoff (free drainage) + ! 5 -> Miguez-Macho&Fan groundwater scheme (Miguez-Macho et al. 2007 JGR; + ! Fan et al. 2007 JGR) [NOT YET SUPPORTED WITH WRF-HYDRO] + ! 7 -> Xinanjiang runoff scheme + + + SURFACE_DRAG_OPTION = 1 !<-- options for surface layer drag coeff (CH & CM) + ! **1 -> M-O + ! 2 -> original Noah (Chen97) + + FROZEN_SOIL_OPTION = 1 !<-- options for frozen soil permeability + ! **1 -> linear effects, more permeable (Niu and Yang, 2006, JHM) + ! 2 -> nonlinear effects, less permeable (old) + + SUPERCOOLED_WATER_OPTION = 1 !<-- options for supercooled liquid water (or ice fraction) + ! **1 -> no iteration (Niu and Yang, 2006 JHM) + ! 2 -> Koren's iteration + + RADIATIVE_TRANSFER_OPTION = 3 !<-- options for radiation transfer + ! 1 -> modified two-stream (gap = F(solar angle, 3D structure ...)<1-FVEG) + ! 2 -> two-stream applied to grid-cell (gap = 0) + ! **3 -> two-stream applied to vegetated fraction (gap=1-FVEG) + + SNOW_ALBEDO_OPTION = 1 !<-- options for ground snow surface albedo + ! **1 -> BATS + ! 2 -> CLASS + + PCP_PARTITION_OPTION = 1 !<-- options for partitioning precipitation into rainfall & snowfall + ! **1 -> Jordan (1991) + ! 2 -> BATS: when SFCTMP SFCTMP < TFRZ + ! 4 -> Use WRF microphysics output + + TBOT_OPTION = 2 !<-- options for lower boundary condition of soil temperature + ! 1 -> zero heat flux from bottom (ZBOT and TBOT not used) + ! **2 -> TBOT at ZBOT (8m) read from a file (original Noah) + + TEMP_TIME_SCHEME_OPTION = 3 !<-- options for snow/soil temperature time scheme (only layer 1) + ! 1 -> semi-implicit; flux top boundary condition + ! 2 -> full implicit (original Noah); temperature top boundary condition + ! **3 -> same as 1, but FSNO for TS calculation (generally improves snow; v3.7) + + GLACIER_OPTION = 2 !<-- options for glacier treatment + ! 1 -> include phase change of ice + ! **2 -> ice treatment more like original Noah (slab) + + SURFACE_RESISTANCE_OPTION = 4 !<-- options for surface resistent to evaporation/sublimation + ! 1 -> Sakaguchi and Zeng, 2009 + ! 2 -> Sellers (1992) + ! 3 -> adjusted Sellers to decrease RSURF for wet soil + ! **4 -> option 1 for non-snow; rsurf = rsurf_snow for snow (set in MPTABLE); AD v3.8 + + IMPERV_OPTION = 9 !<-- options for impervious adjustment for surface runoff partitioning + ! 0 -> none + ! 1 -> adjust based on impervious fraction + ! 2 -> adjust based on effective impervious fraction from Alley & Veenhuis + ! **9 -> original formulation (varies based on runoff option) ! Timesteps in units of seconds FORCING_TIMESTEP = 3600 !<-- Timestep for forcing input data (in seconds) @@ -610,6 +676,26 @@ https://github.com/NCAR/hrldas-release/blob/release/HRLDAS/run/README.namelist ! restart files (1 per core) rst_bi_out = 0 !<-- 0: use netcdf output restart file 1: use parallel io for outputting multiple ! restart files (1 per core) + + ! -------- Optional forcing variable names -------- ! + ! These can be left out of the namelist and will default to the values below, + ! so only need to be specified if using alternative names. + + ! Forcing input variable names + forcing_name_T = "T2D" !<-- variable name for air temperature + forcing_name_Q = "Q2D" !<-- variable name for humidity + forcing_name_U = "U2D" !<-- variable name for u-component of wind speed + forcing_name_V = "V2D" !<-- variable name for v-component of wind speed + forcing_name_P = "PSFC" !<-- variable name for surface pressure + forcing_name_LW = "LWDOWN" !<-- variable name for downward longwave radiation + forcing_name_SW = "SWDOWN" !<-- variable name for downward shortwave radiation + forcing_name_PR = "RAINRATE" !<-- variable name for precipitation rate + ! Optional way to supply liquid or snow fraction of precipitation, e.g., if provided + ! by an atmospheric model. Otherwise the land model will estimate this. + ! NOTE: You can provide either frozen fraction or liquid fraction (no need to provide both). + forcing_name_SN = "" !<-- variable name for frozen fraction of precipitation + forcing_name_LF = "LQFRAC" !<-- variable name for liquid fraction of precipitation + / &WRF_HYDRO_OFFLINE @@ -618,6 +704,19 @@ https://github.com/NCAR/hrldas-release/blob/release/HRLDAS/run/README.namelist ! 3=WRF, 4=Idealized, 5=Ideal w/ Spec.Precip., ! 6=HRLDAS-hrly fomat w/ Spec. Precip, 7=WRF w/ Spec.Precip FORC_TYP = 1 + + / + + ! -------- Optional settings for the Crocus snow model -------- ! + ! These options can be excluded if not using the Crocus snow/glacier model. + + &CROCUS_nlist + crocus_opt = 0 !<-- 0 means the Crocus model is off (default) + ! 1 means the Crocus model is on + act_lev = 40 !<-- Specify the number of layers the Crocus snow model will resolve. + ! More layers will require more memory and may slow performance. + ! 20-40 normal range, 1-50 acceptable + / .. _section-a5: @@ -638,7 +737,7 @@ description in the namelist which precedes the option. !!!! --------------- SYSTEM COUPLING -------------- !!!! ! Specify what is being coupled: 1=HRLDAS (offline Noah-LSM), ! 2=WRF, 3=NASA/LIS, 4=CLM - sys_cpl = 1 !<-- For offline runs, including Noah and NoahMP, this will be option 1. + sys_cpl = 1 !<-- For offline runs, including Noah and Noah-MP, this will be option 1. !!!! ----------- MODEL INPUT DATA FILES ----------- !!!! ! Specify land surface model gridded input data file (e.g.: "geo_em.d01.nc") @@ -655,9 +754,9 @@ description in the namelist which precedes the option. ! Specify the spatial hydro parameters file (e.g.: "hydro2dtbl.nc") ! If you specify a filename and the file does not exist, it will ! be created for you. - HYDROTBL_F = "./DOMAIN/hydro2dtbl.nc" !<-- Path to the new 2d hydro parameters file. If this file + HYDROTBL_F = "./DOMAIN/hydro2dtbl.nc" !<-- Path to the 2d hydro parameters file. If this file ! does not exist, it will be created for you based on - ! HYDRO.TBL and the soil and land class grids foundin the + ! HYDRO.TBL and the soil and land class grids found in the ! GEOGRID netCDF file ! Specify spatial metadata file for land surface grid. (e.g.: "GEOGRID_LDASOUT_Spatial_Metadata.nc") @@ -720,9 +819,13 @@ description in the namelist which precedes the option. ! on disk space and runtime when specifying. ! Specify the number of output times to be contained within each output history file...(integer) - ! SET = 1 WHEN RUNNING CHANNEL ROUTING ONLY/CALIBRATION SIMS!!! - ! SET = 1 WHEN RUNNING COUPLED TO WRF!!! + ! Currently only 1 and 0 are valid options. 1 will output a single file per timestep. + ! 0 will output the CHANOBS file only as a single file over the run duration; other + ! files will be one file per timestep. SPLIT_OUTPUT_COUNT = 1 !<-- Number of timesteps to put in a single output file. + ! 1 = one file per timestep + ! 0 = same as option 1 but there will be one file for the + ! full run duration for CHANOBS only ! Specify the minimum stream order to output to netCDF point file (integer) ! Note: lower value of stream order produces more output. @@ -830,6 +933,14 @@ description in the namelist which precedes the option. ! steepest path (option 1) or multi-directional (option 2). ! Option 2 is currently unsupported. + ! Specify whether to adjust overland flow parameters based on imperviousness + imperv_adj = 0 !<-- When overland routing is active and an imperviousness grid is + ! provided in Fulldom_hires.nc, you can use this option to reduce + ! the overland roughness and maximum retention depth based on the + ! impervious fraction. + ! 0 = no adjustment, 1 = activate parameter adjustments + + ! Switch to activate channel routing...(0=no, 1=yes) CHANRTSWCRT = 1 !<-- Turn on/off channel routing module. @@ -845,24 +956,44 @@ description in the namelist which precedes the option. ! If using channel_option=2, activate the compound channel formulation? (Default=.FALSE.) ! This option is currently only supported if using reach-basedrouting with UDMP=1. - compound_channel = .FALSE. + compound_channel = .FALSE. !<-- Turn on or off the compound channel formulation. + ! This option only works with Muskingum-Cunge reach-based + ! routing with UDMP=1. This option also requires additional + ! parameters in the routelink file. + + ! Switch to activate channel-loss option (0=no, 1=yes) [Requires Kchan in RouteLink] + ! channel_loss_option = 0 !<-- Turn on or off channel loss. Note that the channel loss + ! scheme currently only works for Muskingum-Cunge reach-based + ! channel routing. Also note that activating channel loss will + ! create a sink in the model, so the water budget will not close. + ! By default this option is off. + + ! Lake / Reservoir options (0=lakes off, 1=level pool (typical default), + ! 2=passthrough, 3=reservoir DA [see &reservoir_nlist below]) + lake_option = 1 !<-- Set the lake/reservoir option. Note that different options may + ! require different domain/parameter/input files. Option 0 (lakes off) + ! will not generate reasonable results for gridded channel routing + ! domains where lake cells mask out channel cells. ! Specify the lake parameter file (e.g.: "LAKEPARM.nc"). Note: REQUIRED if lakes are on. - route_lake_f = "./DOMAIN/LAKEPARM.nc" !<-- If lakes are active,specify the path to the lake - ! parameter file, which provides thelake parameters. + route_lake_f = "./DOMAIN/LAKEPARM.nc" !<-- If lakes are active, specify the path to the lake + ! parameter file, which provides the lake parameters. - ! Switch to activate baseflow bucket model… - ! (0=none, 1=exp. bucket, 2=pass-through) + ! Switch to activate baseflow bucket model...(0=none, 1=exp. bucket, 2=pass-through, + ! 4=exp. bucket with area normalized parameters) + ! Option 4 is currently only supported if using reach-based routing with UDMP=1. GWBASESWCRT = 1 !<-- Turn on/off the ground water bucket module. Option 1 activates the ! exponential bucket model, Option 2 bypasses the bucket model and dumps all ! flow from the bottom of the soil column directly into the channel, and + ! Option 4 is a variation of the exponential bucket model (option 1) where + ! the coefficient is scaled by catchment area and only works for UDMP=1. ! Option 0 creates a sink at the bottom of the soil column (water draining from ! the bottom of the soil column leaves the system, so note that this option will - ! not have water balance closure). + ! not have water balance closure). ! Groundwater/baseflow 2d mask specified on land surface model grid (e.g.: "GWBASINS.nc"). ! NOTE: Only required if baseflow model is active (1 or 2) and UDMP_OPT=0. - gwbasmskfil = "./DOMAIN/GWBASINS.nc" !<-- For configurations wherethe bucket or pass-through + gwbasmskfil = "./DOMAIN/GWBASINS.nc" !<-- For configurations where the bucket or pass-through ! groundwater modules are active, provide the path to the ! 2d netCDF file (LSM grid resolution) that maps the ! groundwater basin IDs. Bucket parameters will be specified @@ -878,7 +1009,8 @@ description in the namelist which precedes the option. ! User defined mapping, such NHDPlus: 0=no (default), 1=yes UDMP_OPT = 0 !<-- If 1, this tells the model to use a "user-defined mapping" scheme to translate ! between terrain and groundwater flow and reaches, e.g., NHDPlus. - ! If UDM is on, specify the user-defined mapping file (e.g.: "spatialweights.nc") + + ! If user-define mapping is on, specify the user-defined mapping file (e.g.: "spatialweights.nc") !udmap_file = "./DOMAIN/spatialweights.nc" !<-- If UDMP_OPT=1 (user defined mapping is active), ! provide the path to the required spatial weights ! file, which maps between grid cells and catchments. @@ -1203,6 +1335,12 @@ on soil classification. +--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+ | QTZ | Soil quartz content | +--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+ + | AXAJ | Tension water distribution inflection parameter | + +--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+ + | BXAJ | Tension water distribution shape parameter | + +--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+ + | XXAJ | Free water distribution shape parameter | + +--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+ `MPTABLE.TBL` - This file contains parameters that are a function of land cover type. @@ -1445,6 +1583,13 @@ land cover type. | RSURF_EXP | Exponent in the shape parameter for | | | soil resistance option 1 | +-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+ + | IMPERV_URBAN | impervious fraction to use for urban | + | | type cells [0-1] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+ + | SCAMAX | maximum fractional snow covered area [0-1] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+ + | SWE_LIMIT | maximum SWE limit [mm] | + +-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+ `soil\_properties.nc` [optional] @@ -1512,7 +1657,7 @@ land cover type. +------------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | tau0 | Snow albedo decay timescale parameter [s] | +------------+----------------------------------------------------------+ - | imperv | Impervious factor | + | imperv | Impervious fraction (optional) [0-1] | +------------+----------------------------------------------------------+ @@ -1786,20 +1931,22 @@ Variables within the `LAKEPARM.nc` file are described in the tables below. +--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+ | WeirL | Weir length [:math:`m`] | +--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+ + | WeirE | Weir elevation [:math:`m`, AMSL] | + +--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+ | OrificeC | Orifice coefficient (ranges from zero to one) | +--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+ | OrificeA | Orifice area [:math:`m^2`] | +--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+ | OrificeE | Orifice elevation [:math:`m`, AMSL] | +--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+ + | Dam_Length | Dam length as a multiplier on WeirL [multiplier]| + +--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+ | lat | Latitude *[decimal degrees north]* | +--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+ | lon | Longitude *[decimal degrees east]* | +--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+ | time | time | +--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+ - | WeirE | Weir elevation [:math:`m`, AMSL] | - +--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+ | ascendingIndex | Index to use for sorting IDs (ascending) | +--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+ | ifd | Initial fraction water depth | @@ -2176,11 +2323,10 @@ header information. A15. National Water Model (NWM) Configuration --------------------------------------------- -It is important to note here that the community WRF-Hydro modeling -system is currently the actual underlying modeling architecture that is -used in the NOAA National Water Model. This means that the community +The community WRF-Hydro modeling system is currently the underlying modeling +architecture for the NOAA National Water Model. This means that the community WRF-Hydro model code is configurable into the National Water Model -configurations that runs in operations at the National Center for +configurations that run in operations at the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). .. pull-quote:: @@ -2201,9 +2347,7 @@ Environmental Prediction (NCEP). inclusion of ~5500 reservoirs. The core of the NWM system is the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)-supported community Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Hydro hydrologic model. WRF-Hydro - is configured to use the Noah Multi-* - - *Parameterization (Noah-MP) Land Surface Model (LSM) to simulate land + is configured to use the Noah Multi-Parameterization (Noah-MP) Land Surface Model (LSM) to simulate land surface processes. Separate water routing modules perform diffusive wave surface routing and saturated subsurface flow routing on a 250m grid, and Muskingum-Cunge channel routing down NHDPlusV2 stream reaches. River @@ -2216,380 +2360,63 @@ Environmental Prediction (NCEP). .. centered:: *Excerpt from NOUS41 KWBC 061735 PNSWSH NWS Office of Science and Technology Integration* +Newer versions of the National Water Model were extended to Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and South-Central Alaska. + +A15.1 Operational NWM +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + For more information regarding the operational configuration, input, and output data of the National Water Model see the Office of Water Prediction website: http://water.noaa.gov/about/nwm and the Open Commons Consortium Environmental Data Commons website: http://edc.occ-data.org/nwm/. -The NWM/WRF-Hydro modeling system suite of tools for data -preparation, evaluation, and calibration. is continually under -development and will be rolled out to the community as each tool becomes -finalized with supporting documentation for public usage. To be -notified when tools become available please subscribe to the WRF-Hydro -email list https://ral.ucar.edu/projects/wrf_hydro/subscribe. - -The figures below illustrate the physics permutations available in the -WRF-Hydro framework and the Noah-MP land surface model as well as the -current National Water Model configuration as of March 2018, the -NWM ecosystem and suite of tools and sample NWM configuration -namelists. - -.. _figure-A15.1: -.. figure:: media/hydro-physics-permutations.png - :align: center - :scale: 90% - - **Figure A15.1** Illustration of WRF-Hydro physics permutations and those used in the - current configuration of the National Water Model (NWM). - -.. _figure-A15.2: -.. figure:: media/noahmp-physics-permutations.png - :align: center - :scale: 75% - - **Figure A15.2.** Illustration of Noah-MP physics permutations and those - used in the configuration of the National Water Model (NWM) - -.. _figure-A15.3: -.. figure:: media/nwm-wrf-hydro.png - :align: center - :scale: 135% - - **Figure A15.3** National Water Model/WRF-Hydro Modeling System - Ecosystem and Suite of Tools. - There are different NWM configurations that run operationally. The full list of the configurations and their specifics can be found at -https://water.noaa.gov/about/nwm. Below we provide the namelists for the -Standard Analysis configuration (self-cycling with 3-hour look-back, -used to initialize CONUS short- and medium-range forecasts) as the -sample namelists. Note that the name of the files are different from the -conventions used throughout this documentation and they match with the -name of the files in operation (A subset of the model parameter files -used by the operational implementation of the NWM is available on `NWM -website `__). -The namelists for all the configurations are also being distributed with -the model code. - -.. rubric:: - Below are sample NWM configuration namelists for both the LSM (NoahMP) and WRF-Hydro: - -`namelist.hrldas` (sample NWM configuration) - -.. code-block:: fortran - - &NOAHLSM_OFFLINE - HRLDAS_SETUP_FILE = "./DOMAIN/wrfinput_d01_1km.nc" - INDIR = "./forcing" - SPATIAL_FILENAME = "./DOMAIN/soil_veg_properties_ASM.nc" - OUTDIR = "./" - START_YEAR = 2018 - START_MONTH = 06 - START_DAY = 01 - START_HOUR = 00 - START_MIN = 00 - RESTART_FILENAME_REQUESTED = "RESTART.2018060100_DOMAIN1" - - ! Specification of simulation length in days OR hours - !KDAY = 1 - KHOUR = 3 - - ! Physics options (see the documentation for details) - DYNAMIC_VEG_OPTION = 4 - CANOPY_STOMATAL_RESISTANCE_OPTION = 1 - BTR_OPTION = 1 - RUNOFF_OPTION = 3 - SURFACE_DRAG_OPTION = 1 - FROZEN_SOIL_OPTION = 1 - SUPERCOOLED_WATER_OPTION = 1 - RADIATIVE_TRANSFER_OPTION = 3 - SNOW_ALBEDO_OPTION = 1 - PCP_PARTITION_OPTION = 1 - TBOT_OPTION = 2 - TEMP_TIME_SCHEME_OPTION = 3 - GLACIER_OPTION = 2 - SURFACE_RESISTANCE_OPTION = 4 - - ! Timesteps in units of seconds - FORCING_TIMESTEP = 3600 - NOAH_TIMESTEP = 3600 - OUTPUT_TIMESTEP = 3600 - - ! Land surface model restart file write frequency - RESTART_FREQUENCY_HOURS = 1 - - ! Split output after split_output_count output times. - SPLIT_OUTPUT_COUNT = 1 - - ! Soil layer specification - NSOIL=4 - soil_thick_input(1) = 0.10 - soil_thick_input(2) = 0.30 - soil_thick_input(3) = 0.60 - soil_thick_input(4) = 1.00 - - ! Forcing data measurement height for winds, temp, humidity - ZLVL = 10.0 - - ! Restart file format options - rst_bi_in = 0 !0: use netcdf input restart file - !1: use parallel io for reading multiple restart files (1 per core) - rst_bi_out = 0 !0: use netcdf output restart file - !1: use parallel io for outputting multiple restart files (1 per core) - / - - &WRF_HYDRO_OFFLINE - ! Specification of forcing data: 1=HRLDAS-hr format, 2=HRLDAS-min - ! format, 3=WRF, 4=Idealized, 5=Ideal w/ spec. precip, - ! 6=HRLDAS-hr format w/ spec. precip, 7=WRF w/ spec. precip - FORC_TYP = 2 - - / - -`hydro.namelist` (sample NWM configuration) - -.. code-block:: fortran - - &HYDRO_nlist - - !!!! ---------------------- SYSTEM COUPLING ----------------------- - !!!! - - ! Specify what is being coupled: 1=HRLDAS (offline Noah-LSM), 2=WRF, 3=NASA/LIS, 4=CLM - sys_cpl = 1 - - !!!! ------------------- MODEL INPUT DATA FILES ------------------- - !!!! - - ! Specify land surface model gridded input data file (e.g.: "geo_em.d01.nc") - GEO_STATIC_FLNM = "./DOMAIN/geo_em.d01_1km.nc" - - ! Specify the high-resolution routing terrain input data file (e.g.: "Fulldom_hires.nc") - GEO_FINEGRID_FLNM = "./DOMAIN/Fulldom_hires_netcdf_250m.nc" - - ! Specify the spatial hydro parameters file (e.g.: "hydro2dtbl.nc") - ! If you specify a filename and the file does not exist, it will becreated for you. - HYDROTBL_F = "./DOMAIN/HYDRO_TBL_2D.nc" - - ! Specify spatial metadata file for land surface grid. (e.g.: "GEOGRID_LDASOUT_Spatial_Metadata.nc") - LAND_SPATIAL_META_FLNM = "./DOMAIN/WRF_Hydro_NWM_geospatial_data_template_land_GIS.nc" - - ! Specify the name of the restart file if starting from restart...comment out with '!' if not... - RESTART_FILE = 'HYDRO_RST.2018-06-01_00:00_DOMAIN1' - !!!! --------------------- MODEL SETUP OPTIONS -------------------- - !!!! +- https://water.noaa.gov/about/nwm - ! Specify the domain or nest number identifier...(integer) - IGRID = 1 - - ! Specify the restart file write frequency...(minutes) - ! A value of -99999 will output restarts on the first day of the month only. - rst_dt = 60 - - ! Reset the LSM soil states from the high-res routing restart file (1=overwrite, 0=no overwrite) - ! NOTE: Only turn this option on if overland or subsurface rotuing is active! - rst_typ = 1 - - ! Restart file format control - - rst_bi_in = 0 !0: use netcdf input restart file (default) - !1: use parallel io for reading multiple restart files, 1 per core - - rst_bi_out = 0 !0: use netcdf output restart file (default) - !1: use parallel io for outputting multiple restart files, 1 per core - - ! Restart switch to set restart accumulation variables to 0 (0=no reset, 1=yes reset to 0.0) - RSTRT_SWC = 1 - - ! Specify baseflow/bucket model initialization...(0=cold start from table, 1=restart file) - GW_RESTART = 1 - - !!!! -------------------- MODEL OUTPUT CONTROL -------------------- - !!!! - - ! Specify the output file write frequency...(minutes) - out_dt = 60 - - ! Specify the number of output times to be contained within each output history file...(integer) - ! SET = 1 WHEN RUNNING CHANNEL ROUTING ONLY/CALIBRATION SIMS!!! - ! SET = 1 WHEN RUNNING COUPLED TO WRF!!! - SPLIT_OUTPUT_COUNT = 1 - - ! Specify the minimum stream order to output to netcdf point file...(integer) - ! Note: lower value of stream order produces more output. - order_to_write = 1 - - ! Flag to turn on/off new I/O routines: 0 = deprecated output routines (use when running with Noah LSM), - ! 1 = with scale/offset/compression, ! 2 = with scale/offset/NO compression, - ! 3 = compression only, 4 = no scale/offset/compression (default) - io_form_outputs = 2 - - ! Realtime run configuration option: - ! 0=all (default), 1=analysis, 2=short-range, 3=medium-range, 4=long-range, 5=retrospective, - ! 6=diagnostic (includes all of 1-4 outputs combined) - io_config_outputs = 1 - - ! Option to write output files at time 0 (restart cold start time): 0=no, 1=yes (default) - t0OutputFlag = 1 - - ! Options to output channel & bucket influxes. Only active for UDMP_OPT=1. - ! Nonzero choice requires that out_dt above matches NOAH_TIMESTEP in namelist.hrldas. - ! 0=None (default), 1=channel influxes (qSfcLatRunoff, qBucket) - ! 2=channel+bucket fluxes (qSfcLatRunoff, qBucket, qBtmVertRunoff_toBucket) - ! 3=channel accumulations (accSfcLatRunoff, accBucket) \*\*NOT TESTED\*\* - - output_channelBucket_influx = 2 - - ! Output netcdf file control - CHRTOUT_DOMAIN = 1 ! Netcdf point timeseries output at all channel points (1d) - ! 0 = no output, 1 = output - - CHANOBS_DOMAIN = 0 ! Netcdf point timeseries at forecast points or gage points (defined in Routelink) - ! 0 = no output, 1 = output at forecast points or gage points. - - CHRTOUT_GRID = 0 ! Netcdf grid of channel streamflow values (2d) - ! 0 = no output, 1 = output - ! NOTE: Not available with reach-based routing - - LSMOUT_DOMAIN = 0 ! Netcdf grid of variables passed between LSM and routing components (2d) - ! 0 = no output, 1 = output - ! NOTE: No scale_factor/add_offset available - - RTOUT_DOMAIN = 1 ! Netcdf grid of terrain routing variables on routing grid (2d) - ! 0 = no output, 1 = output - - output_gw = 0 ! Netcdf GW output, 0 = no output, 1 = output - outlake = 1 ! Netcdf grid of lake values (1d), 0 = no output, 1 = output - - frxst_pts_out = 0 ! ASCII text file of forecast points or gage points (defined in Routelink) - ! 0 = no output, 1 = output +The latest NWM configuration and files can be found on the NOAA NCEP site: - !!!! ------------ PHYSICS OPTIONS AND RELATED SETTINGS ------------ - !!!! +- https://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/codes/nwprod/ + (scroll to the nwm.vX folder) - ! Specify the number of soil layers (integer) and the depth of the bottom of each layer... (meters) - ! Notes: In Version 1 of WRF-Hydro these must be the same as in the namelist.input file. - ! Future versions will permit this to be different. - NSOIL=4 - ZSOIL8(1) = -0.10 - ZSOIL8(2) = -0.40 - ZSOIL8(3) = -1.00 - ZSOIL8(4) = -2.00 - - ! Specify the grid spacing of the terrain routing grid...(meters) - DXRT = 250.0 - - ! Specify the integer multiple between the land model grid and the terrain routing grid...(integer) - AGGFACTRT = 4 - - ! Specify the channel routing model timestep...(seconds) - DTRT_CH = 300 - - ! Specify the terrain routing model timestep...(seconds) - DTRT_TER = 10 - - ! Switch to activate subsurface routing...(0=no, 1=yes) - SUBRTSWCRT = 1 - - ! Switch to activate surface overland flow routing...(0=no, 1=yes) - OVRTSWCRT = 1 - - ! Specify overland flow routing option: 1=Steepest Descent (D8) 2=CASC2D (not active) - ! NOTE: Currently subsurface flow is only steepest descent - rt_option = 1 - - ! Switch to activate channel routing...(0=no, 1=yes) - CHANRTSWCRT = 1 - - ! Specify channel routing option: 1=Muskingam-reach, 2=Musk.-Cunge-reach, 3=Diff.Wave-gridded - channel_option = 2 - - ! Specify the reach file for reach-based routing options (e.g.: "Route_Link.nc") - route_link_f = "./DOMAIN/RouteLink_NHDPLUS.nc" - - ! If using channel_option=2, activate the compound channel formulation? (Default=.FALSE.) - compound_channel = .TRUE. - - ! Specify the lake parameter file (e.g.: "LAKEPARM.nc"). - ! Note REQUIRED if lakes are on. - route_lake_f = "./DOMAIN/LAKEPARM_NHDPLUS.nc" +Namelists for different operational configurations can be found on the NOAA NCEP site, for example: - ! Switch to activate baseflow bucket model...(0=none, 1=exp. bucket, 2=pass-through) - GWBASESWCRT = 1 +- NWMv3.0 CONUS Analysis & Assimilation cycle: + https://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/codes/nwprod/nwm.v3.0.12/parm/analysis_assim/ - ! Groundwater/baseflow 2d mask specified on land surface model grid (e.g.: "GWBASINS.nc") - ! Note: Only required if baseflow model is active (1 or 2) and UDMP_OPT=0. - gwbasmskfil = "./DOMAIN/GWBASINS.nc" +- NWMv3.0 South-Central Alaska Medium-Range Forecast cycle: + https://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/codes/nwprod/nwm.v3.0.12/parm/ak_medium_range/ - ! Groundwater bucket parameter file (e.g.: "GWBUCKPARM.nc") - GWBUCKPARM_file = "./DOMAIN/GWBUCKPARM_CONUS.nc" +- NWMv3.0 Hawaii Short-Range Forecast cycle: + https://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/codes/nwprod/nwm.v3.0.12/parm/hi_short_range/ - ! User defined mapping, such NHDPlus: 0=no (default), 1=yes - UDMP_OPT = 1 +- NWMv3.0 Puerto Rico & U.S. Virgin Islands Short-Range Forecast cycle: + https://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/codes/nwprod/nwm.v3.0.12/parm/pr_short_range/ - ! If on, specify the user-defined mapping file (e.g.: "spatialweights.nc") - udmap_file = "./DOMAIN/spatialweights_250m_all_basins.nc" - / +An archive of National Water Model operational outputs can be found on Google Cloud: - &NUDGING_nlist +- https://console.cloud.google.com/storage/browser/national-water-model/ - ! Path to the "timeslice" observation files. - timeSlicePath = "./nudgingTimeSliceObs/" - nudgingParamFile = "./DOMAIN/nudgingParams.nc" - ! Nudging restart file = "nudgingLastObsFile" - ! nudgingLastObsFile defaults to '', which will look for nudgingLastObs.YYYY-mm-dd_HH:MM:SS.nc - ! \*\*AT THE INITALIZATION TIME OF THE RUN\*\*. Set to a missing file to use no restart. +A15.2 NWM Retrospectives +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - !nudgingLastObsFile = '/a/nonexistent/file/gives/nudging/cold/start' +In addition to the operational model outputs, we also produce long-term (20-40 year) +retrospectives for most versions of the National Water Model. - !! Parallel input of nudging timeslice observation files? - readTimesliceParallel = .TRUE. - ! temporalPersistence defaults to true, only runs if necessary params present. - temporalPersistence = .TRUE. +The National Water Model Retrospectives can be found on AWS and Google Cloud: - ! The total number of last (obs, modeled) pairs to save in nudgingLastObs for - ! removal of bias. This is the maximum array length. (This option is active when persistBias=FALSE) - ! (Default=960=10days @15min obs resolution, if all the obs are present and longer if not.) - nLastObs = 480 +- https://registry.opendata.aws/nwm-archive/ - ! If using temporalPersistence the last observation persists by default. - ! This option instead persists the bias after the last observation. - persistBias = .TRUE. +- https://console.cloud.google.com/storage/browser/national-water-model-v3-0 - ! AnA (FALSE) vs Forecast (TRUE) bias persistence. - ! If persistBias: Does the window for calculating the bias end at - ! model init time (=t0)? - ! FALSE = window ends at model time (moving), - ! TRUE = window ends at init=t0(fcst) time. - ! (If commented out, Default=FALSE) - ! Note: Perfect restart tests require this option to be .FALSE. - biasWindowBeforeT0 = .FALSE. - ! If persistBias: Only use this many last (obs, modeled) pairs. (If Commented out, Default=-1*nLastObs) - ! > 0: apply an age-based filter, units=hours. - ! = 0: apply no additional filter, use all available/usable obs. - ! < 0: apply an count-based filter, units=count - maxAgePairsBiasPersist = 3 - ! If persistBias: The minimum number of last (obs, modeled) pairs, with age less than - ! maxAgePairsBiasPersist, required to apply a bias correction. (default=8) - minNumPairsBiasPersist = 1 - ! If persistBias: give more weight to observations closer in time? (default=FALSE) - invDistTimeWeightBias = .TRUE. - - ! If persistBias: "No constructive interference in bias correction?", Reduce the bias adjustment - ! when the model and the bias adjustment have the same sign relative to the modeled flow at t0? - ! (default=FALSE) - ! Note: Perfect restart tests require this option to be .FALSE. - noConstInterfBias = .TRUE. - - / .. _section-a16: diff --git a/docs/userguide/index.rest b/docs/userguide/index.rest index 6d6bd9294..69aab3e15 100644 --- a/docs/userguide/index.rest +++ b/docs/userguide/index.rest @@ -15,32 +15,32 @@ The NCAR WRF-Hydro® Modeling System Technical Description | April 14, 2013 | | Updated: - | October 17, 2024 + | January 17, 2025 Until further notice, please cite the WRF-Hydro® modeling system as follows: -Gochis, D.J., M. Barlage, R. Cabell, M. Casali, A. Dugger, T. Eidhammer, -K. FitzGerald, M. McAllister, J. McCreight, A. McCluskey, A. RafieeiNasab, -S. Rasmussen, L. Read, K. Sampson, D. Yates, Y. Zhang (2024). +Gochis, D.J., M. Barlage, R. Cabell, M. Casali, E. Dougherty, A. Dugger, T. Eidhammer, T. Enzminger, +K. FitzGerald, F. Felfelani, A. Gaydos, A. Mazrooei, M. McAllister, J. McCreight, A. McCluskey, +N. Omani, A. RafieeiNasab, S. Rasmussen, L. Read, K. Sampson, I. Srivastava, D. Yates, Y. Zhang (2025). *The WRF-Hydro® Modeling System Technical Description,* (Version 5.4). -NCAR Technical Note. 107 pages. Available online at: +NCAR Technical Note. Available online at: https://wrf-hydro.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ .. rubric:: FORWARD This Technical Description describes the WRF-Hydro® model coupling -architecture and physics options, released in Version 5.4 in Oct. 2024. +architecture and physics options, released in Version 5.4 in January 2025. As the WRF-Hydro® modeling system is developed further, this document will be continuously enhanced and updated. Please send feedback to wrfhydro@ucar.edu. .. rubric:: Prepared by: -David Gochis, Michael Barlage, Ryan Cabell, Matt Casali, Aubrey Dugger, Trude -Eidhammer, Katelyn FitzGerald, Molly McAllister, James McCreight, Alyssa -McCluskey, Arezoo RafieeiNasab, Soren Rasmussen, Laura Read, Kevin Sampson, -David Yates, and Yongxin Zhang +David Gochis, Michael Barlage, Ryan Cabell, Matt Casali, Erin Dougherty, Aubrey Dugger, Trude +Eidhammer, Tom Enzminger, Katelyn FitzGerald, Farshid Felfelani, Andy Gaydos, Amir Mazrooei, Molly McAllister, +James McCreight, Alyssa McCluskey, Nina Omani, Arezoo RafieeiNasab, Soren Rasmussen, Laura Read, Kevin Sampson, +Ishita Srivastava, David Yates, and Yongxin Zhang .. rubric:: Special Acknowledgments: @@ -48,55 +48,58 @@ Development of the NCAR WRF-Hydro system has been significantly enhanced through numerous collaborations. The following persons are graciously thanked for their contributions to this effort: -John McHenry and Carlie Coats, Baron Advanced Meteorological Services +- John McHenry and Carlie Coats, Baron Advanced Meteorological Services -Martyn Clark and Fei Chen, National Center for Atmospheric Research +- Martyn Clark, Fei Chen, Cenlin He, Prasanth Valayamkunnath, Dan Rosen, Rocky Dunlap, + Alessandro Fanfarillo, National Center for Atmospheric Research -Zong-Liang Yang, Cedric David, Peirong Lin and David Maidment of the -University of Texas at Austin +- Zong-Liang Yang, Cedric David, Peirong Lin and David Maidment of the + University of Texas at Austin -Harald Kunstmann, Benjamin Fersch and Thomas Rummler of Karlsruhe -Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany +- Harald Kunstmann, Benjamin Fersch and Thomas Rummler of Karlsruhe + Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany -Alfonso Senatore, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy +- Alfonso Senatore, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy -Brian Cosgrove, Ed Clark, Fernando Salas, Trey Flowers, Xia Feng, -Yuqiong Liu, Nels Frazier, +- Brian Cosgrove, Ed Clark, Fernando Salas, Trey Flowers, Zhengtao Cui, Xia Feng, Nels Frazier, + James Halgren, Don Johnson, Yuqiong Liu, Dave Mattern, Fred Ogden, Cham Phan, Mehdi Rezaeianzadeh, + and Tom Graziano of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Water Prediction -Fred Ogden, Dave Mattern, Don Johnson, and Tom Graziano of the National -Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Water Prediction +- Ismail Yucel, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey -Ismail Yucel, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey +- Erick Fredj, The Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel -Erick Fredj, The Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel +- Amir Givati, Surface water and Hydrometeorology Department, Israeli + Hydrological Service, Jerusalem. -Amir Givati, Surface water and Hydrometeorology Department, Israeli -Hydrological Service, Jerusalem. +- Antonio Parodi, Fondazione CIMA - Centro Internazionale in Monitoraggio + Ambientale, Savona, Italy -Antonio Parodi, Fondazione CIMA - Centro Internazionale in Monitoraggio -Ambientale, Savona, Italy +- Blair Greimann, Sedimentation and Hydraulics section, U.S. Bureau of + Reclamation -Blair Greimann, Sedimentation and Hydraulics section, U.S. Bureau of -Reclamation +- Z George Xue and Dongxiao Yin, Louisiana State University -Z George Xue and Dongxiao Yin, Louisiana State University +- Tim Lahmers and Sujay Kumar, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Funding support for the development and application of the WRF-Hydro® modeling system has been provided by: -The National Science Foundation and the National Center for Atmospheric -Research +- The National Science Foundation National Center for Atmospheric + Research -The U.S. National Weather Service +- The U.S. National Weather Service -The Colorado Water Conservation Board +- The Colorado Water Conservation Board -Baron Advanced Meteorological Services +- Baron Advanced Meteorological Services -National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) +- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) -National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Water -Prediction (OWP) +- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Water + Prediction (OWP) + +- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Mission Area .. toctree:: diff --git a/docs/userguide/introduction.rest b/docs/userguide/introduction.rest index 88468973b..ba37729e3 100644 --- a/docs/userguide/introduction.rest +++ b/docs/userguide/introduction.rest @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ system, the WRF-Hydro modeling system is not a singular 'model' per se but instead it is a modeling architecture that facilitates coupling of multiple alternative hydrological process representations. There are numerous (over 100) different configuration permutations possible in -WRF-Hydro Version 5.2. Users need to become familiar with the concepts +WRF-Hydro Version |version_short|. Users need to become familiar with the concepts behind the processes within the various model options in order to optimally tailor the system for their particular research and application activities. @@ -68,13 +68,16 @@ computing applications. During late 2011 and 2012, the WRF-Hydro code underwent a major reconfiguration of its coding structures to facilitate greater and easier extensibility and upgradability with respect to the WRF model, other hydrological modeling components, and other Earth -system modeling frameworks. The new code and directory structure -implemented is reflected in this document. Additional changes to the +system modeling frameworks. Additional changes to the directory structure occurred during 2014-2015 to accommodate the coupling with the new Noah-MP land modeling system. Between 2015-2018, new capabilities were added to permit more generalized, user-defined mapping onto irregular objects, such as catchments or hydrologic -response units. As additional changes and enhancements to the WRF-Hydro +response units. During 2018-2022, some of the modules underwent +a code refactoring and automated testing capabilities were added. +In 2024, the directory structure was again updated for consistency with modern +software design practices and this user guide was ported to an interactive +online format. As additional changes and enhancements to WRF-Hydro occur they will be documented in future versions of this document. 1.2 Model Description @@ -122,7 +125,7 @@ and fully-coupled (to an atmospheric model) mode. Both time-evolving “forcing” and static input datasets are required for model operation. The exact specification of both forcing and static data depends greatly on the selection of model physics and component options to be used. The -principle model physics options in WRF-Hydro include: +principal model physics options in WRF-Hydro include: - 1-dimensional (vertical) land surface parameterization @@ -186,8 +189,8 @@ used to delineate a stream channel network, open water (i.e., lake, reservoir, and ocean) grid cells and groundwater/baseflow basins. Water features are mapped onto the high-resolution terrain-routing grid and post-hoc consistency checks are performed to ensure consistency between -the coarse resolution Noah/Noah-MP land model grid and the fine -resolution terrain and channel routing grid. +the coarse-resolution Noah/Noah-MP land model grid and the fine-resolution +terrain and channel routing grid. The WRF-Hydro model components calculate fluxes of energy and moisture either back to the atmosphere or also, in the case of moisture fluxes, @@ -219,7 +222,7 @@ are discussed in detail in :ref:`section-6.0` +-----------------------------------------------------------+------------+ | Soil temperature | `K` | +-----------------------------------------------------------+------------+ - | Deep soil drainage | | + | Deep soil drainage | `mm` | +-----------------------------------------------------------+------------+ | Surface runoff | `mm` | +-----------------------------------------------------------+------------+ @@ -235,8 +238,8 @@ are discussed in detail in :ref:`section-6.0` +-----------------------------------------------------------+------------+ | Channel flow depth (optional with channel routing) | `mm` | +-----------------------------------------------------------+------------+ - | Reservoir height and discharge (optional with channel and | | - | reservoir routing) | | + | Reservoir height and discharge (optional with channel and | `m` and | + | reservoir routing) | `m^3/s` | +-----------------------------------------------------------+------------+ WRF-Hydro has been developed for Linux-based operating systems including @@ -244,7 +247,7 @@ small local clusters and high-performance computing systems. Additionally, the model code has also been ported to a selection of virtual machine environments (e.g. "containers") to enable the use of small domain cases on many common desktop computing platforms (e.g. -Windows and MacOS). The parallel computing schema is provided in +Windows and MacOS) and in the cloud. The parallel computing schema is provided in :ref:`section-2.3`. WRF-Hydro utilizes a combination of netCDF and flat ASCII file formats. @@ -261,4 +264,4 @@ run on a desktop platform. Large-domain model runs can require hundreds or thousands of processors. We recommend beginning with an example “test case” we supply at the WRF-Hydro website https://ral.ucar.edu/projects/wrf_hydro before moving to your region of -interest, particularly if your region or domain is reasonably large. \ No newline at end of file +interest, particularly if your region or domain is reasonably large. diff --git a/docs/userguide/model-physics.rest b/docs/userguide/model-physics.rest index f3b2f6c3d..e71a38541 100644 --- a/docs/userguide/model-physics.rest +++ b/docs/userguide/model-physics.rest @@ -95,7 +95,10 @@ identified as 'channel' grid cells pass a portion of the surface water in excess of the local ponded water retention depth to the channel model. This current formulation implies that stream and lake inflow from the land surface is always positive to the stream or lake element. There -currently are no channel or lake loss functions where water can move +is an optional channel loss formulation *(Lahmers et al. 2019)* where water +can seep from the channel; note that this water becomes a sink term and is +not returned to the soil or baseflow. Currently there are no channel or +lake loss functions where water can move from channels or lakes back to the landscape. Channel flow in WRF-Hydro is represented by one of a few different user-selected methodologies described below. Water passing into and through lakes and reservoirs is @@ -118,11 +121,14 @@ options in the model namelist file. .. note:: As of this writing, only the Noah and Noah-MP land surface - models are supported within WRF-Hydro. Additional land surface models - such as CLM or land model driver frameworks, such as the NASA Land - Information System (LIS) have been coupled with WRF-Hydro but those - efforts are in various phases of development and are not yet formally - supported as part of the main code repository. + models are supported within WRF-Hydro. CLM coupling is currently + out-of-date and is not formally supported but is in the process of + being updated. The NASA Land Information System (LIS) has been coupled + with WRF-Hydro through the NUOPC framework and is supported under + the `NASA Land Coupler `_. + +3.2.1 Noah Land Surface Model (deprecated support only) +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Noah land surface model is a community, 1-dimensional land surface model that simulates soil moisture (both liquid and frozen), soil @@ -137,8 +143,8 @@ Project *(Smith, 2002)*. *Mahrt and Pan (1984)* and *Pan and Mahrt (1987)* developed the earliest predecessor to Noah at Oregon State University (OSU) during the mid-1980's. The original OSU model calculated sensible and latent heat flux using a two-layer soil model and a simplified plant -canopy model. Recent development and implementation of the current -version of Noah has been sustained through the community participation +canopy model. Development and implementation of the Noah land model +has been sustained through the community participation of various agency modeling groups and the university community (e.g. *Chen et al., 2005*). *Ek et al. (2003)* detail the numerous changes that have evolved since its inception including, a four layer soil @@ -157,7 +163,7 @@ The Noah land surface model has been tested extensively in both offline 1998*; *Bowling et al., 2003*) and coupled (e.g. *Chen et el., 1997*, *Chen and Dudhia, 2001*, *Yucel et al., 1998*; *Angevine and Mitchell, 2001*; and *Marshall et al., 2002*) modes. The most recent version of Noah is -currently one of the operational LSP's participating in the interagency +currently one of the operational LSM's participating in the interagency NASA-NCEP real-time Land Data Assimilation System (LDAS, 2003, *Mitchell et al., 2004* for details). Gridded versions of the Noah model are currently coupled to real-time weather forecasting models such as the @@ -166,13 +172,17 @@ National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Model (2003)* and earlier works for more detailed descriptions of the 1-dimensional land surface model physics of the Noah LSM. -Support for the Noah Land Surface Model within WRF-Hydro is currently -frozen at Noah version 3.6. Since the Noah LSM is not under active -development by the community, WRF-Hydro is continuing to support Noah in -deprecated mode only. Some new model features, such as the improved -output routines, have not been setup to be backward compatible with Noah. -Noah users should follow the guidelines in Appendix :ref:`A2 ` -for adapting the WRF-Hydro workflow to work with Noah. +.. note:: + Support for the Noah Land Surface Model within WRF-Hydro is currently + frozen at Noah version 3.6. Since the Noah LSM is not under active + development by the community, WRF-Hydro is continuing to support Noah in + deprecated mode only. Some new model features, such as the improved + output routines, have not been setup to be backward compatible with Noah. + Noah users should follow the guidelines in Appendix :ref:`A2 ` + for adapting the WRF-Hydro workflow to work with Noah. + +3.2.2 Noah-MP Land Surface Model (recommended) +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Noah-MP is a land surface model (LSM) using multiple options for key land-atmosphere interaction processes (*Niu et al., 2011*). Noah-MP was @@ -209,6 +219,47 @@ optionally running the Crocus snowpack model within NoahMP for glacial representation. For details on using this option, please see :ref:`Appendix 16 `. +The Noah-MP version in WRF-Hydro also includes an option for adjusting +infiltration vs. surface runoff partitioning as a function of impervious +surface cover. The default Noah-MP behavior is to set a very narrow range +of soil water holding capacity for cells classified as urban. This has the +effect of generating more runoff, but also results in very wet cells +that may or may not be appropriate for your application. The new physics setting +(``IMPERV_OPTION`` in :file:`namelist.hrldas`) includes 4 options: + +- Option 0 (no adjustment): Urban cells will be treated the same as all other + cells and will use the provided soil and surface parameters to calculate partitoning + between infiltration and surface runoff. + +- Option 1 (total): If spatially distributed parameters are active (``SPATIAL_SOIL=1`` on + code compile), the model will expect an impervious fraction grid (``imperv``) to be + included in the soil_properties.nc file. The model will use this fractional value + to automatically partition that fraction (``imperv``) of effective precipitation + reaching the surface to direct surface runoff. The rest (1-``imperv``) will be available + for infiltration. If spatially distributed parameters are not active (``SPATIAL_SOIL=0`` + on code compile), the model will use the ``IMPERV_URBAN`` value from :file:`MPTABLE.TBL` for + impervious fraction for all urban cells. + +- Option 2 (Alley&Veenhuis): Similar to Option 1, with the modification that the + provided impervious fraction will be adjusted to account for local capture of some + runoff to adjacent green spaces. This adjustment uses an empirical formulation + derived in Alley & Veenhuis (1983, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1983)109:2(313) ). + In the future we plan to test options that derive an adjustment factor based on + impervious connectivity or other local (sub-grid) conditions. + +- Option 9 (original formulation): This reverts back to the original Noah-MP configuration + where soil water holding capacity is adjusted for urban cells and impervious fraction is not used. + + +.. note:: + The Noah-MP code within WRF-Hydro has some additional features that were added + specifically for WRF-Hydro hydrologic applications, such as spatially distributed + parameters and impervious surface runoff treatment, so it does not exactly track + the Noah-MP standalone code releases. Standalone Noah-MP model code was recently + modernized for modularity and accessibility (*He et al. 2023*). Support for this + refactored version of the Noah-MP model is currently in development and will be + included in a future WRF-Hydro release. + 3.3 Spatial Transformations --------------------------- @@ -223,7 +274,7 @@ differing spatial frameworks. Section 3.3.1 describes the spatial transformation process which relies on regular, rectilinear grid-to-grid mapping using a simplified integer linear multiple aggregation/disaggregation scheme. This basic scheme has been utilized -in WRF-Hydro since its creation as it was described in Gochis and Chen, +in WRF-Hydro since its creation as it was described in *Gochis and Chen, 2003*. Section 3.3.2 describes new spatial transformation methods that have been developed and are currently supported in v5.0 and beyond and, more @@ -332,7 +383,7 @@ content on the sub-grid from one model time step to the next, simple, linear sub-grid weighting factors are assigned. These values indicate the fraction of the total land surface model grid value that is partitioned to each sub-grid pixel. After disaggregation, the routing -schemes are executed using the fine grid values. +schemes are executed using the fine-grid values. Following execution of the routing schemes the fine-grid values are aggregated back to the native land surface model grid. The aggregation @@ -407,9 +458,9 @@ regridding from one grid to another. The Earth System Modeling Framework coupling weather, climate, and related models. ESMF provides the :program:`ESMF_RegridWeightGen` utility for parallel generation of interpolation weights between two grid files in netCDF format. These utilities will -work for structured (rectilinear) and unstructured grids. The NCAR -Command Language (NCL) has supported the :program:`ESMF_RegridWeightGen` tool since -version 6.1.0. Another commonly used tool in the atmospheric sciences +work for structured (rectilinear) and unstructured grids. The :program:`ESMF_RegridWeightGen` +tool since can be accessed through python (through ESMPy) and the NCAR +Command Language (NCL, deprecated). Another commonly used tool in the atmospheric sciences are the Climate Data Operators (CDO), which offer 1\ :sup:`st` and 2\ :sup:`nd`\- order conservative regridding (:program:`remapcon`, :program:`remapcon2`) and regrid weight generation (:program:`gencon`, :program:`gencon2`) based on the work of *Jones (1999)*. All of @@ -420,7 +471,8 @@ here store just the spatial weights. Thus, WRF-Hydro spatial correspondence files are more generic, with compact file sizes, and may be used for non-gridded data. -This script quantifies the polygon to polygon correspondence between +The WRF-Hydro geospatial pre-processing toolkit includes a script that +quantifies the polygon to polygon correspondence between geometries in two separate features (grid cells represented by polygons and basins represented by polygons). This correspondence is stored in a netCDF format file that contains the spatial weights and identification @@ -548,9 +600,9 @@ and soil thickness (`D_{i,j}`) given by: (3.2) where, `z_{i,j}` is the depth to the water table. `n_{i,j}` in :ref:`Eq. (3.2) ` -is defined as the local power law exponent and is a tunable parameter -(currently hard-coded to 1 but will be exposed in future versions) that -dictates the rate of decay of `Ksat_{i,j}` with depth. When :ref:`Eq. (3.2) ` is +is defined as the local power law exponent and is a tunable parameter that +dictates the rate of decay of `Ksat_{i,j}` with depth (`n_{i,j}` has a default value of 1.0 +or can be specified as "NEXP" in hydro2dtbl.nc). When :ref:`Eq. (3.2) ` is substituted into :ref:`Eq. (3.1) ` the flow rate from cell `(i,j)` to its neighbor in the `x`-direction can be expressed as: @@ -630,13 +682,18 @@ include 1) the specified depth of soil and number and thickness of the soil vertical layers and 2) the prescription of the model bottom boundary condition. Typically, for simulations with deep soil profiles (e.g. > 10 `m`) the bottom boundary condition is set to a ‘no-flow’ -boundary (``SLOPE_DATA = 0.0``) in the :file:`GENPARM.TBL` parameter file (see -Appendices :ref:`section-a6` and :ref:`section-a7` for a -description of :file:`GENPARM.TBL`). +boundary (``SLOPE_DATA = 0.0`` in the :file:`GENPARM.TBL` parameter file +or ``slope = 0.0`` in the :file:`soil_properties.nc` spatially distributed +parameter file). See Appendices :ref:`section-a6` and :ref:`section-a7` for a +description of :file:`GENPARM.TBL` and :file:`soil_properties.nc`. + +.. note:: + Currently subsurface routing is only supported in the steepest slope (D8) formulation. + The 2-dimensional solution will be reactivated in a future release. .. rubric:: Relevant code modules: -:file:`Routing/Noah_distr_routing.F90` +:file:`Routing/Noah_distr_routing_subsurface.F90` .. rubric:: Relevant namelist options: @@ -649,8 +706,9 @@ description of :file:`GENPARM.TBL`). - ``AGGFACTR`` - Subgrid aggregation factor, defined as the ratio of the subgrid resolution to the native land model resolution -- ``DTRT_TER`` - Terrain routing grid time step (used for overland and - subsurface routing) +:file:`namelist.hrldas`: + +- ``NOAH_TIMESTEP`` - Subsurface routing operates on the LSM timestep .. rubric:: Relevant domain and parameter files/variables: @@ -665,6 +723,9 @@ description of :file:`GENPARM.TBL`). (saturated hydraulic conductivity, porosity, field capacity) used in lateral flow routing. +- ``NEXP`` in :file:`hydro2dtbl.nc` - Local power law exponent that + dictates the rate of decay of saturated hydraulic conductivity with depth. + .. _section-3.5: 3.5 Surface Overland Flow Routing @@ -798,9 +859,22 @@ size as shown in Table 3.2. | 500 | 30 | +---------+---------+ + +WRF-Hydro also includes an impervious surface adjustment option for overland routing. If this +scheme is activated (``imperv_adj = 0`` in :file:`hydro.namelist`) then the overland roughness +Manning's coefficient and maximum retention depth are adjusted based on the impervious fraction +provided as ``IMPERVFRAC`` in :file:`Fulldom_hires.nc`. Specifically, maximum retention depth +is multiplied by (1 - ``IMPERVFRAC``) (so smaller values for higher imperviousness). Manning's +roughness for overland routing is scaled based on a linear weighting of smoothness +(1/roughness, see Liong et al. 1989) and assuming a roughness of 0.02 for impervious and native +cell roughness for pervious: + +OVROUGHRT = 1 / ((1/0.02)*impervfrac + (1/OVROUGHRT)*(1-impervfrac)) + + .. rubric:: Relevant code modules: -:file:`Routing/Noah_distr_routing.F90` +:file:`Routing/Noah_distr_routing_overland.F90` .. rubric:: Relevant namelist options: @@ -813,8 +887,9 @@ size as shown in Table 3.2. - ``AGGFACTR`` - Subgrid aggregation factor, defined as the ratio of the subgrid resolution to the native land model resolution -- ``DTRT_TER`` - Terrain routing grid time step (used for overland and - subsurface routing) +- ``DTRT_TER`` - Overland routing grid time step + +- ``rt_option`` - Overland flow routing option (steepest descent or 2-dimensional) .. rubric:: Relevant domain and parameter files/variables: @@ -832,12 +907,13 @@ size as shown in Table 3.2. :file:`hydro2dtbl.nc` - Manning's roughness for overland flow (by default a function of land use type). + .. _section-3.6: -3.6 Channel and Lake Routing +3.6 Channel Routing ---------------------------- -There are multiple channel routing algorithms available in version 5.0 +There are multiple channel routing algorithms available in version |version_short| of WRF-Hydro. These algorithms operate either on the resolution of the fine grid (gridded routing) or on a vectorized network of channel reaches (linked routing, also referred to as reach-based routing), which @@ -855,14 +931,12 @@ amount of water flowing onto the grid cell from overland flow, and exfiltration from groundwater flow. The quantity of surface head in excess of the retention depth is accumulated as stream channel inflow and is effectively “discharged” to the channel routing routine -(described below). For calibration purposes gridded values of a scaling -factor for `RETDEPRT` can be specified in the main hydro2dtbl.nc netCDF -input file. Increases in the `RETDEPRT` scaling factor on channel pixels -can encourage more local infiltration near the river channel leading to -wetter soils that better emulate riparian conditions. Values of “channel -inflow” are accumulated on the channel grid and can be output for -visualization and analysis (see :ref:`Section 6 ` for a -description of model outputs). +(described below). In the current code, `RETDEPRT` is hard-coded to +5mm for channel pixels to encourage more local infiltration near the +river channel leading to wetter soils that better emulate riparian +conditions. Values of “channel inflow” are accumulated on the channel +grid and can be output for visualization and analysis +(see :ref:`Section 6 ` for a description of model outputs). .. _figure3.6: .. figure:: media/channel-routing-grid-link.png @@ -1035,8 +1109,8 @@ decrease model time-steps in order to satisfy Courant conditions. Therefore WRF-Hydro utilizes variable time-stepping in the diffusive wave channel routing module in order to satisfy Courant constraints and avoid numerical dispersion and instabilities in the solutions. The -initial value of the channel routing time-step is set equal to that of -the overland flow routing timestep which is a function of grid spacing. +initial value of the channel routing time-step is set equal to ``DTRT_CH`` +(which should be estimated based on the grid cell size, as for overland routing). If, during model integration the N-R convergence criteria for upstream-downstream streamflow discharge values is not met, the channel routing time-step is decreased by a factor of one-half and the N-R @@ -1061,7 +1135,7 @@ relatively small catchments and not over large regions. .. _section-3.6.2: -3.6.2. Linked Routing using Muskingum and Muskingum-Cunge +3.6.2. Reach Routing using Muskingum and Muskingum-Cunge ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The gridded catchment and drainage network of the land surface model @@ -1069,17 +1143,17 @@ The gridded catchment and drainage network of the land surface model network, with a unique set of channel properties defined as constant for each reach. The flow out of each channel reach is determined based on flow hydraulics, channel storage and the lateral inflow contribution -from each grid cell that is mapped to the individual link element. Since +from each grid cell that is mapped to the individual reach element. Since reach lengths are not constant, the number of contributing grid cells to -the link depend on the link length (:ref:`Figure 3.6 `). +the reach depend on the reach length (:ref:`Figure 3.6 `). Flow is assumed always upstream-to-downstream, and channel junctions -accommodate the merging of flows through the linked network. The simultaneous +accommodate the merging of flows through the reach network. The simultaneous transformation of the often complex drainage network, source areas, and channel flow hydrographs in these large, complex networks necessitates a practical and efficient solution to the routing problem (*Brunner and Gorbrecht, 1991*). -On the linked network, WRF-Hydro makes use of a fairly standard +On the reach network, WRF-Hydro makes use of a fairly standard implementation of the Muskingum-Cunge (MC) method of hydrograph routing which makes use of time varying parameter estimates. The scheme is a practical approach to characterize watershed runoff characteristics over @@ -1179,28 +1253,30 @@ width, *S\ o* is the channel slope and *dx* is the channel length. .. note:: Reach-based routing is highly sensitive to time step. -3.6.3 Compound Channel (currently only functional in NWM) +3.6.3 Compound Channel (limited configuration) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In order to represent a simplification of the behavior of a flood wave when it exceeds the channel bank, a compound channel formulation was -added to the NWM (i.e. only active when ``channel_option=2`` and ``udmp=1``). +added to WRF-Hydro. This option is currently only available when +``channel_option=2`` and ``udmp=1`` (so using user-defined mapping with +the Muskingum-Cunge reach-based channel routing scheme). A visual representation is shown in Figure 3.9. When the depth of the flow exceeds bankfull (`d > d_b`), then the wave celerity is given as the weighted celerity of the trapezoidal flow and the overbank -portion of flow. This weighting is based on the cross sectional area of +portion of flow. This weighting is based on the cross-sectional area of each, and allows water to enter the conceptual compound channel, where the Manning's coefficient of the compound channel portion, `n_{cc}`, is assumed rougher than the channel `n` by an unknown factor, `n_{cc}`. Based on a set of sensitivity experiments described in -*Read et al., (forthcoming)*, the default value for in NWMv2.0 and v2.1 is +*Read et al., (2023)*, the default value is `n_{cc}=2n`, such that the floodplain roughness is twice that of the channel. The introduction of compound channel requires values for three more parameters: bankfull depth (`d_b`), top widths of the trapezoid and the compound channel, `T_w` and `T_{w\_cc},` respectively. These parameters, in addition to `n_{cc}`, are defined -in the Route_Link.nc file for the NWM. The default values in NWMv2.0 and -v2.1 are defined as: (1) was determined using a published equation from +in the Route_Link.nc file. The default values were +determined using a published equation from *Blackburn-Lynch et al., 2017*, who gathered regional USGS estimations of channel parameters and developed coefficients to describe the relationship of drainage area (`DA`) to `T_w` and to channel area @@ -1208,7 +1284,7 @@ relationship of drainage area (`DA`) to `T_w` and to channel area and `A = 0.75(DA)^{0.53}`. Given these, `d_b` is determined using the standard equation for a trapezoid. As a default value, `T_{w\_cc}` is a multiplier on `T_w`. Sensitivity experiments -presented in *Read et al. (forthcoming)* found that `T_{w\_cc}=3*T_w` +presented in *Read et al. (2023)* found that `T_{w\_cc}=3*T_w` yielded the best streamflow performance, all else being equal. .. _figure3.9: @@ -1220,6 +1296,10 @@ yielded the best streamflow performance, all else being equal. channel in National Water Model, where the dashed lines represent roughness of the channel n, and of the compound channel, `n_{cc}` +.. note:: The compound channel option is currently only available when + ``channel_option=2`` and ``udmp=1`` (so using user-defined mapping with + the Muskingum-Cunge reach-based channel routing scheme). + .. _section-3.7: 3.7 Lake and Reservoir Routing Description @@ -1237,7 +1317,8 @@ must adjust these parameters accordingly - the model makes no other distinction between a reservoir and a lake. Fluxes into a lake/reservoir object occur through the channel network -and when surface overland flow intersects a lake object. Fluxes from +and when surface overland flow intersects a lake object (in the gridded +channel routing configuration only). Fluxes from lake/reservoir objects are made only through the channel network and no fluxes from lake/reservoir objects to the atmosphere or the land surface are currently represented (i.e. there is currently no lake evaporation @@ -1272,24 +1353,44 @@ vertical side walls, such that the surface area is always constant. **Figure 3.10** Schematic of Level Pool Routing -The following lake/reservoir parameters are required for level-pool +The lake/reservoir parameters listed below are required for level-pool routing and are defined in the :file:`LAKEPARM.nc` parameter file. The GIS -pre-processing tool can make either of these files and the model will -read the one specified in the :file:`hydro.namelist` file: - - - Weir and Orifice Coefficients (`Co`, `Cw`) - - Weir Length, `L` (`m`) - - Orifice Area, `O_a` (`m^2`) - - Reservoir Area, `A_s` (`km^2`) - - Maximum reservoir height at full storage, `h_{max}` (`m`) - -The lake/reservoir flow routing option is activated when lake objects -are defined and properly indexed as a data field in the high resolution -terrain routing grid file. If lake/reservoir objects are present in the -lake grid (and also within the channel network) then routing through -those objects will occur if the channel is active AND if ``channel_option -= 3`` (gridded routing). There are several special requirements for the -lake grid and channel routing grids when lakes/reservoirs are to be +pre-processing tool can make this file and the model will +read it as specified in the :file:`hydro.namelist` file. + + - Weir and Orifice Coefficients, `Cw`, `Co` in equations above or ``WeirC``, ``OrificeC`` in :file:`LAKEPARM.nc` + - Weir Length (`m`), `L` in equations above or ``WeirL`` in :file:`LAKEPARM.nc` + - Weir Elevation (`m`), ``WeirE`` in :file:`LAKEPARM.nc` + - Orifice Area (`m^2`), `O_a` in equations above or ``OrificeA`` in :file:`LAKEPARM.nc` + - Orifice Elevation (`m`), ``OrificeE`` in :file:`LAKEPARM.nc` + - Reservoir Area (`km^2`), `A_s` in equations above or ``LkArea`` in :file:`LAKEPARM.nc` + - Maximum reservoir height at full storage (`m`), `h_{max}` in equations above or ``LkMxE`` in :file:`LAKEPARM.nc` + - Dam length specified as a multiplier on weir length (`dimensionless`), `Dam_Length` in :file:`LAKEPARM.nc` + +For the gridded channel routing option, the lake/reservoir routing options +require lake objects to be defined and properly indexed as a data +field in the high resolution terrain routing :file:`Fulldom_hires.nc` +file. If lake/reservoir objects are present in the +lake grid (and also within the channel network) then level-pool routing through +those objects will occur if ``CHANRTSWCRT = 1`` (channel is active), ``channel_option += 3`` (gridded routing), and ``lake_option = 1`` (level pool) in :file:`hydro.namelist`. + +For reach-based channel routing options, the lake/reservoir routing options +require lake objects to be defined and properly indexed as waterbody objects +in the :file:`Route_Link.nc` file. +If lake/reservoir objects are present in the +:file:`Route_Link.nc` file then level-pool routing through +those objects will occur if ``CHANRTSWCRT = 1`` (channel is active), ``channel_option += 1 or 2`` (reach routing), and ``lake_option = 1`` (level pool) in :file:`hydro.namelist`. + +The ``lake_option`` in :file:`hydro.namelist` can also be used to turn off lake/reservoir +routing completely (``lake_option = 0``), set the waterbodies to simply pass water through +from inflow to outflow with no storage or delay (``lake_option = 2``), or activate data +assimilation (specific to the NOAA National Water Model and not currently +supported outside of that configuration). + +There are several special requirements for the +lake and channel files when lakes/reservoirs are to be represented and these are discussed in Sections :ref:`5.4 ` and :ref:`5.6 `. @@ -1297,11 +1398,15 @@ and :ref:`5.6 `. :file:`Routing/module_channel_routing.F90` +:file:`Routing/Reservoirs/Level_Pool/module_levelpool.F90` + .. rubric:: Relevant namelist options: :file:`hydro.namelist`: -- ``route_lake_f`` (optional) - Path to lake parameter file to support +- ``lake_option`` - Option to specify lake/reservoir routing behavior + (0=lakes off, 1=level pool, 2=passthrough, 3=reservoir DA). +- ``route_lake_f`` - Path to lake parameter file to support level-pool reservoir routing methods. .. note:: As mentioned in the paragraph above, if in the @@ -1342,7 +1447,7 @@ processes. Because these processes contribute to streamflow (typically as “baseflow”) a parameterization is often used in order to simulate total streamflow values that are comparable with observed streamflow from gauging stations. Therefore, a switch-activated baseflow module -:file:`module_GW_baseflow.F90` has been created which conceptually +:file:`Routing/module_GW_baseflow.F90` has been created which conceptually (i.e. *not* physically-explicit) represents baseflow contributions to streamflow. This model option is particularly useful when WRF-Hydro is used for long-term streamflow simulation/prediction and baseflow or @@ -1365,9 +1470,9 @@ recharge. The functional type and parameters are determined empirically from offline tests using an estimation of baseflow from stream gauge observations and model-derived estimates of bucket recharge provided by WRF-Hydro. Presently, WRF-Hydro uses either a direct output-equals-input -"pass-through" relationship or an exponential storage-discharge function +("pass-through") relationship or an exponential storage-discharge function for estimating the bucket discharge as a function of a conceptual depth -of water in the bucket "exponential bucket". Note that, because this is +of water in the bucket ("exponential bucket"). Note that, because this is a highly conceptualized formulation, the depth of water in the bucket in no way infers the actual depth of water in a real aquifer system. However, the volume of water that exists in the bucket needs to be @@ -1435,6 +1540,18 @@ values of the groundwater bucket model parameters are typically derived analytically or \'offline\' from WRF-Hydro and then are fine-tuned through model calibration. +There are 4 options available for the conceptual baseflow model, as specified +in ``GWBASESWCRT`` in :file:`hydro.namelist`. The conceptual baseflow model +can be turned off (``GWBASESWCRT = 0``), which means water draining from the soil column in the land +surface model will become a sink term (this water will not be returned to the channel +and will be a loss from the system). The exponential bucket model can be activated +(``GWBASESWCRT = 1``), as described above. Water draining from the land model soil +column can be placed directly into the channel with no additional storage/attenuation +(``GWBASESWCRT = 2``). For configurations using user-defined mapping to specify +catchment boundaries (``UDMP_OPT = 1``), there is a modified version of the +exponential bucket model (``GWBASESWCRT = 4``) that adjusts the `C` parameter above +based on the area of the catchment. + .. rubric:: Relevant code modules: :file:`Routing/module_GW_baseflow.F90`